Biomarkers of metap2 inhibitors and applications thereof

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to modified or polymer conjugated MetAP2 inhibitors. The present disclosure also relates to methods of treating, or ameliorating at least one symptom of, metabolic dysfunction associated with a treatment in a subject having cancer. The present disclosure also relates to methods of treating, or ameliorating at least one symptom of, cancer comprising administering a combination of a polymer conjugated MetAP2 inhibitors and at least one second agent.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.16/666,249, filed Oct. 28, 2019, which claims priority to, and thebenefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/751,335, filed Oct. 26,2018 and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/844,271, filed May 7, 2019.The contents of each of the aforementioned patent applications areincorporated herein by reference in their entireties.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Obesity and metabolic dysfunction are common disease states forpopulations around the world. This chronic state of disease leads tosystemic inflammation, is pro-angiogenesis, pro-fibrotic and confers animmuno-suppressive state in many patients which complicates treatmentfor other co-morbidities, such as cancer. While the problem of obesityis increasing, an aging population is further complicating treatments aspatient populations with multiple concomitant diseases require bothmethods of identifying which factors associated with obesity negativelyimpact upon other diseases and of offering therapeutics that may slowthe progression or reverse these factors.

Traditional chemotherapies and targeted therapies have been shown to beless effective in obese cancer patients (Incio et al., Cancer Discov;(2016) 6(8); 852-69, Kruger et al., British Journal of Cancer (2018)119:832-839). Recently, a new class of cancer treatments hasemerged—immunotherapy—that shows clinical benefit in a significantpercent of cancer patients. However, and quite unexpectedly, themajority of cancer patients still show resistance to immunotherapytreatments (Yu & Cui, 2018, Oncol. Lett. 16: 4105-41130). What isbecoming clear is that cancer patients with obesity and/or metabolicdysfunction do not respond to treatments—including traditionalchemotherapy and emerging therapies such as immunotherapy—in the samemanner as their non-obese counterparts (Murphy et al., J Immunol 2018;201:1837-1841). A major challenge is to identify whichobesity-associated factor or factors are the key contributors to thisunexpected treatment resistance and to reverse them.

Certain targeted treatments for cancer and other diseases lose theirefficacy after a relatively short period of time. Recently, onemechanism explaining this loss of activity is “induced metabolicdysfunction”—including hyperglycemia leading to hyperinsulinemia—by thetreatments themselves or by co-administered agents. Here, we show thattreatment with Compounds of the instant disclosure improve the inducedmetabolic dysfunction, allowing for continued treatment with thetherapeutic agent.

Metabolic dysfunction can be induced by cancer therapeutics, potentiallylimiting their efficacy. Hyperglycemia during chemotherapy occurs inapproximately 10% to 30% of patients. Glucocorticoids and L-asparaginaseare well known to cause acute hyperglycemia during chemotherapy.Long-term hyperglycemia is also frequently observed, especially inpatients with hematologic malignancies treated with L-asparaginase-basedregimens and total body irradiation. Glucocorticoid-inducedhyperglycemia often develops because of increased insulin resistance,diminished insulin secretion, and exaggerated hepatic glucose output.depending on the type, dose, and delivery of the glucocorticoidformulation. The incidence of hyperglycemia (defined as bloodglucose>200 mg/dL) in hospitalized patients treated with glucocorticoidswithout a known history of diabetes is >50%. Mammalian target ofrapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors are associated with a high incidence ofhyperglycemia, ranging from 13% to 50%. Immunotherapy induceshyperglycemia in patients treated with pembrolizumab, hyperglycemicevents were reported in 45% to 49% of patients, and 3% to 6% experiencedgrade 3 or 4 hyperglycemia (Hwangbo et al., Endocrinol Metab (Seoul)2017 March; 32(1): 23-29).

Cancer cells get much of their energy from glucose. To satisfy theirincreased need for glucose, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is frequentlyup-regulated (amplified) or mutated. There is a concerted effort todevelop treatments that inhibit or down-regulate this pathway. However,inhibition of this pathway leads to on-target toxicities that stymietheir efficacy by creating a hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia feedbackloop, which leads to treatment failure.

Obesity increases circulating estrogen, insulin, IGF, and causeschronic, low-grade inflammation. These diverse effects converge eitherdirectly or indirectly to induce well-recognised tumor pathways, andcontribute to the accumulation of myeloid derived suppressor cells,while re-programming macrophages to the alternatively activated,pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive M2 phenotype. Among the manypathways affected by obesity are the pro-angiogenic factors VEGF, bFGF,IGF and PLGF (Silha et al., International Journal of Obesity (2005) 29,1308-1314), and critical transcription factors including STAT3(Wunderlich et al., (2013) Mechanisms of chronic JAK-STAT3-SOCS3signaling in obesity, JAK-STAT, 2:2, e23878), plus multipleimmune-suppressive factors, including myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs) (Ostrand-Rosenberg (2018) Myeloid derived-suppressor cells theirrole in cancer and obesity Current Opinion in Immunology 51:68-75).MDSCs and M2 macrophages are a major source of immunosuppression thatallows for tumors to escape from effective host immune surveillance andresist anti-cancer treatments (Weber et al, Front. Immunol. 9:1310.doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01310). The induction and preferential shift ofmacrophages towards the immunosuppressive M2 phenotype may be a primaryphysiologic and metabolic adaptive response to insulin insensitivity, aswell a secondary consequence of an immune process in the setting ofchronic, low grade inflammation. These processes may be modulated bytumor cells to promote angiogenesis, tumor cell motility and invasion,as well as metastasis and results in poor treatment outcomes(Okwan-Duodu et al., 2013).

A number of proteins responsible for limiting the clinical benefits ofimmunotherapy treatments have been identified. These include the enzymesindoleamine-pyrrole 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1) and arginase-1 (Arg-1), thecytokine IL-10 as well as the adipokine, leptin. Furthermore,infiltration of tumors by regulatory T cells (Tregs), alternatelypolarized (“M2”) macrophages as well as myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs) are associated with tumor escape from immune surveillance andsubsequent disease progression (Shimizu et al, International Immunology,30(10): 445-455).

MetAP2 inhibitors have a long clinical history showing anti-tumor andanti-metabolic effects in animal studies as well as in human clinicaltrials (Tran et al, Cancer Chemother. Pharmacol. (2004) 54: 308-314;Joharapurkar et al, Diabetes, Metabolic Syn. and Obesity: Targets andTherapy, (2014), 7:73-84). Here, we show that the administration ofMetAP2 inhibitors can suppress or reverse the expression or amount ofsome of these biomarkers, which is expected to result in improvedclinical benefit for cancer patients who are obese and who may havemetabolic dysfunction.

Recent work also implicates the adipokine leptin as a contributor toenhanced tumor growth in mouse models of obesity-accelerated breastcancer (Strong et al, Breast Cancer Research (2015) 17:112-27), as wellas a mediator of obesity-associated resistance to immune therapy in aseparate mouse model of obesity-accelerated renal cancer (Murphy et al,J. Immunol., 2018; 201:1837-41). One mechanism by which leptinfacilitates obesity-accelerated cancer is by increasing the abundance ofMDSCs (Clements et al, J Leukoc Biol. 2018; 103:395-407).

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure provides methods of modifying the expression ofcells, tissues and/or proteins that otherwise impede the clinicalactivity of a variety of cancer treatments. In certain aspects, thesubject is overweight, obese or has metabolic dysfunction.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating, or amelioratingat least one symptom of, cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective amount of at least onecompound of the Formula

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, incombination with a therapeutically effective amount of at least onesecond active agent, wherein the at least one compound and the at leastone second active agent are administered in amounts sufficient to treat,or ameliorate at least one symptom of, the cancer.

The present disclosure provides a combination comprising at least onecompound of the Formula

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, andat least one second active agent for use in a method for the treatmentof, or amelioration of at least one symptom of, cancer in a subject,wherein the at least one compound and the at least one second activeagent are for the administration to the subject in amounts sufficient totreat, or ameliorate at least one symptom of, the cancer.

The present disclosure provides a method of reducing the amount of atleast one of IL-10, arginase-1, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC),regulatory T cells, leptin, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, a growth factor or anycombination thereof in a tumor, a tumor microenvironment, in plasma, orany combination thereof in a subject comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of at least one compound of the Formula

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, incombination with a therapeutically effective amount of at least onesecond active agent, wherein the at least one compound and the at leastone second active agent are administered in amounts sufficient to reducethe amount of at least one of IL-10, arginase-1, myeloid-derivedsuppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells, leptin, PD-1, PD-L1,CTLA-4, a growth factor or any combination thereof in a tumor, a tumormicroenvironment, in plasma, or any combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides a combination comprising at least onecompound of the Formula

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, andat least one second active agent for use in a method of reducing theamount of at least one of IL-10, arginase-1, myeloid-derived suppressorcells (MDSC), regulatory T cells, leptin, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, a growthfactor or any combination thereof in a tumor, a tumor microenvironment,in plasma, or any combination thereof in a subject having cancer,wherein the at least one compound and the at least one second activeagent are for the administration to the subject in amounts sufficient toreduce the amount of at least one of IL-10, arginase-1, myeloid-derivedsuppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells, leptin, PD-1, PD-L1,CTLA-4, a growth factor or any combination thereof in a tumor, a tumormicroenvironment, in plasma, or any combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating, or amelioratingat least one symptom of, cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective amount of at least onecompound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite,analog or derivative thereof, represented by: Z-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, wherein,independently for each occurrence, Z is —H, —H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—or Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O); AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, asparticacid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine,serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₅ is a bond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is alanine,asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine orH₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety; p is 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; and r is 1, 2, 3, 4,5, or 6, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one second active agent wherein the at least one compound and theat least one second active agent are administered in amounts sufficientto treat, or ameliorate at least one symptom of, the cancer.

The present disclosure provides a combination comprising at least onecompound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite,analog or derivative thereof, represented by: Z-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, wherein,independently for each occurrence, Z is —H, —H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—or Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O); AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, asparticacid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine,serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₅ is a bond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is alanine,asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine orH₂N(CH₂)mCO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety; p is 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; and r is 1, 2, 3, 4,5, or 6, and at least one second active agent for use in a method forthe treatment of, or amelioration of at least one symptom of, cancer ina subject, wherein the at least one compound, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, andthe at least one second active agent are for the administration to thesubject in amounts sufficient to treat, or ameliorate at least onesymptom of, the cancer.

The present disclosure provides a method of reducing the amount of atleast one of IL-10, arginase-1, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC),regulatory T cells, leptin, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, a growth factor or anycombination thereof in a tumor, a tumor microenvironment, in plasma, orany combination thereof in a subject comprising administering atherapeutically effective amount of at least one compound, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog orderivative thereof, represented by: Z-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, wherein,independently for each occurrence, Z is —H, —H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—or Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O); AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, asparticacid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine,serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₅ is a bond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is alanine,asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine orH₂N(CH₂)mCO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety; p is 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; and r is 1, 2, 3, 4,5, or 6, in combination with a therapeutically effective amount of atleast one second active agent wherein the at least one compound and theat least one second active agent are administered in amounts sufficientto reduce the amount of at least one of IL-10, arginase-1,myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells, leptin,PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, a growth factor or any combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides a combination comprising at least onecompound, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite,analog or derivative thereof, represented by: Z-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, wherein,independently for each occurrence, Z is —H, —H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—or Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O); AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, asparticacid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine,serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₅ is a bond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is alanine,asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine orH₂N(CH₂)mCO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety; p is 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; and r is 1, 2, 3, 4,5, or 6, and at least one second active agent for use in a method ofreducing the amount of at least one of IL-10, arginase-1,myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells, leptin,PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, a growth factor or any combination thereof in atumor, a tumor microenvironment, in plasma, or any combination thereofin a subject having cancer, wherein the at least one compound, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog orderivative thereof, and the at least one second active agent are foradministration to the subject in amounts sufficient to reduce the amountof at least one of IL-10, arginase-1, myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSC), regulatory T cells, leptin, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, a growth factoror any combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating, or amelioratingat least one symptom of, cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective amount of at least onecompound of the Formula

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof,wherein the compound is administered in an amount sufficient to reducethe amount of at least one of IL-10, arginase-1, myeloid-derivedsuppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells, leptin, PD-1, PD-L1,CTLA-4, a growth factor or any combination thereof in a tumor, a tumormicroenvironment, in plasma, or any combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides at least one compound of the Formula

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, foruse in the treatment of, or amelioration of at least one symptom of,cancer in a subject, wherein the at least one compound, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog orderivative thereof is for administration to the subject in an amountsufficient to reduce the amount of at least one of IL-10, arginase-1,myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells, leptin,PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, a growth factor or any combination thereof in atumor, a tumor microenvironment, in plasma, or any combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating, or amelioratingat least one symptom of, metabolic dysfunction associated with treatmentin a subject having cancer comprising administering a therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one compound of the Formula

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof,wherein the compound is administered in an amount sufficient to treat,or ameliorate at least one symptom of, metabolic dysfunction associatedwith treatment in a subject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides at least one compound of the Formula

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, foruse in the treatment of, or the amelioration of at least one symptom of,metabolic dysfunction associated with a treatment in a subject havingcancer, wherein the at least one compound, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, isfor administration to the subject in an amount sufficient to treat, orameliorate at least one symptom of, metabolic dysfunction associatedwith the treatment.

The present disclosure provides a method of reducing the amount of atleast one of IL-10, arginase-1, myeloid-derived suppressor cells,regulatory T cells, leptin, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, a growth factor or anycombination thereof in a tumor, a tumor microenvironment, in plasma, orany combination thereof in a subject having cancer comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective amount of at least onecompound of the Formula

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof,wherein the amount of at least one of IL-10, arginase-1, myeloid-derivedsuppressor cells, regulatory T cells, leptin, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, agrowth factor or any combination thereof in a tumor, a tumormicroenvironment, in plasma, or any combination thereof is reduced.

The present disclosure provides at least one compound of the Formula

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, foruse in a method for reducing the amount of at least one of IL-10,arginase-1, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells,leptin, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, a growth factor or any combination thereofin a tumor, a tumor microenvironment, in plasma, or any combinationthereof in a subject having cancer, wherein the at least one compound,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog orderivative thereof, is for administration to the subject in an amountsufficient to reduce the amount of at least one of IL-10, arginase-1,myeloid-derived suppressor cells, regulatory T cells, leptin, PD-1,PD-L1, CTLA-4, a growth factor or any combination thereof in a tumor, atumor microenvironment, in plasma, or any combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating, or amelioratingat least one symptom of, cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering at least one therapeutically effective amount of at leastone MetAP2 inhibitor in combination with at least one therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one PI3K inhibitor. The present disclosurealso provides a combination comprising at least one MetAP2 inhibitor andat least one PI3K inhibitor for use in the treatment of, or ameliorationof at least one symptom of, cancer in a subject. The present disclosurealso provides a combination comprising at least one MetAP2 inhibitor andat least one PI3K inhibitor for use in the manufacture of a medicamentfor treating, or ameliorating at least one symptom of, cancer in asubject.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating, or amelioratingat least one symptom of, cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering at least one therapeutically effective amount of at leastone MetAP2 inhibitor in combination with at least one therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one AKT inhibitor. The present disclosurealso provides a combination comprising at least one MetAP2 inhibitor andat least one AKT inhibitor for use in the treatment of, or ameliorationof at least one symptom of, cancer in a subject. The present disclosurealso provides a combination comprising at least one MetAP2 inhibitor andat least one AKT inhibitor for use in the manufacture of a medicamentfor treating, or ameliorating at least one symptom of, cancer in asubject.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating, or amelioratingat least one symptom of, cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering at least one therapeutically effective amount of at leastone MetAP2 inhibitor in combination with at least one therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one mTOR inhibitor. The present disclosurealso provides a combination comprising at least one MetAP2 inhibitor andat least one mTOR inhibitor for use in the treatment of, or ameliorationof at least one symptom of, cancer in a subject. The present disclosurealso provides a combination comprising at least one MetAP2 inhibitor andat least one mTOR inhibitor for use in the manufacture of a medicamentfor treating, or ameliorating at least one symptom of, cancer in asubject.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating, or amelioratingat least one symptom of, a metabolic dysfunction induced by a cancertreatment in a subject comprising administering at least onetherapeutically effective amount of at least one MetAP2 inhibitor. Thepresent disclosure provides at least one MetAP2 inhibitor for use in thetreatment of or amelioration of at least one symptom of a metabolicdysfunction induced by a cancer treatment in a subject. A cancertreatment can comprises the administration of a PI3K inhibitor, an AKTinhibitor, an mTOR inhibitor or a PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor or anycombination thereof.

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, the atleast one MetAP2 inhibitor can be any conjugate or compound of thepresent disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug,metabolite, analog or derivative of any conjugate or compound of thepresent disclosure. In some aspects, the at least one MetAP2 inhibitorcan be a conjugate or compound of the formula

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, the atleast one MetAP2 inhibitor can be ZGN-1061 or Beloranib.

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, the atleast one compound or the at least one MetAP2 inhibitor can be acompound of the Formula

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)_(m)CO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; and r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some aspects,Z can be represented by a formula selected from the group consisting of

In some aspects, R₄ can be methyl. In some aspects, R₅ can be methyl. Insome aspects R₆ can be 2-hydroxypropyl. In some aspects, Z can be—NH-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W. In some aspects, AA₆ can be glycine. In someaspects, Z can be —NH-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W. In some aspects, AA₅can be leucine and AA₆ can be glycine. In some aspects, AA₅ can bevaline and AA₆ can be glycine. In some aspects, AA₅ can be phenylalanineand AA₆ can be glycine. In some aspects, AA₅ can be glycine and AA₆ canbe glycine. In some aspects, Z can be—NH-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W. In some aspects, AA₅ can beleucine and each of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ can be glycine. In some aspects,AA₅ can be valine and each of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ can be glycine. In someaspects, AA₅ can be phenylalanine and each of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ can beglycine. In some aspects, AA₃ can be glycine, AA₄ can be phenylalanine,AA₅ can be leucine and AA₆ can be glycine. In some aspects, each of AA₃,AA₄, AA₅ and AA₆ can be glycine.

In some aspects, -Q-X—Y can be

In some aspects, wherein W can be

In some aspects, the ratio of x to y can be in the range of about 30:1to about 3:1. In some aspects, the ratio of x to y can be about 11:1.

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, the atleast one MetAP2 inhibitor can have the Formula

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, the atleast one MetAP2 inhibitor can be represented by Z-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W wherein,independently for each occurrence, Z is —H, —H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—or Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O); AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, asparticacid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine,lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine,serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, oralanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₅ is a bond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is alanine,asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine orH₂N(CH₂)mCO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety; p is 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; and r is 1, 2, 3, 4,5, or 6.

In some aspects, Z can be —NH-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, AA₅ can beleucine and AA₆ can be glycine. In some aspects, Z can be—NH-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, AA₅ can be valine and AA₆ can be glycine.In some aspects, Z can be —NH-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, AA₅ can bephenylalanine and AA₆ can be glycine. In some aspects, Z can be—NH-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, AA₅ can be glycine and AA₆ can beglycine. In some aspects, Z can be—NH-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, AA₅ can be leucine and each ofAA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ can be glycine. In some aspects, Z can be—NH-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, AA₅ can be valine and each ofAA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ can be glycine. In some aspects, Z can be—NH-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, AA₅ can be phenylalanine and eachof AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ can be glycine. In some aspects, Z can be—NH-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, AA₅ can be glycine, AA₄ can bephenylalanine, AA₅ can be leucine and AA₆ can be glycine. In someaspects, Z can be —NH-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W, and each ofAA₃, AA₄, AA₅ and AA₆ can be glycine. In some aspects, -Q-X—Y can be

In some aspects, W can be

In some aspects, the at least one MetAP2 inhibitor can be selected fromthe group consisting of

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, an atleast one PI3K inhibitor can be Serabelisib (TAK-117), BYL-719 or anycombination thereof. In some aspects of the preceding methods,combinations and uses, an AKT inhibitor can be AZD5363 (capavasertib).

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, atherapeutically effective amount or an effective amount of the at leastone MetAP2 inhibitor can be from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg ofbody weight per day, or about 0.001 to about 0.005 mg/kg of body weightper day, or about 0.001 to about 0.1 mg/kg of body weight per day. Insome aspects, the at least one MetAP2 inhibitor is administered fromabout 1 to about 5 times per week. In some aspects, the at least oneMetAP2 inhibitor is administered in a q4d dosing schedule. In someaspects, the at least one MetAP2 inhibitor is administered in a q7ddosing schedule. In some aspects, the at least one MetAP2 inhibitor isadministered on a q14d dosing schedule. In some aspects, the at leastone MetAP2 inhibitor is administered once every three weeks. In someaspects, the at least one MetAP2 inhibitor is administered once a month.In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, asubject is treated for at least about six months, or at least about oneyear, or at least two years, or at least three years. In some aspects ofthe preceding methods, combinations and uses, the at least one MetAP2inhibitor can be administered parenterally or subcutaneously.

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, atherapeutically effective amount or an effective amount of the at leastone compound of the present disclosure can be from about 0.0001 mg/kg toabout 5 mg/kg of body weight per day, or about 0.001 to about 0.005mg/kg of body weight per day, or about 0.001 to about 0.1 mg/kg of bodyweight per day. In some aspects, the at least one compound of thepresent disclosure is administered from about 1 to about 5 times perweek. In some aspects, the at least one compound of the presentdisclosure is administered in a q4d dosing schedule. In some aspects,the at least one compound of the present disclosure is administered in aq7d dosing schedule. In some aspects, the at least one compound of thepresent disclosure is administered on a q14d dosing schedule. In someaspects, the at least one compound of the present disclosure isadministered once every three weeks. In some aspects, the at least onecompound of the present disclosure is administered once a month. In someaspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, a subject istreated for at least about six months, or at least about one year, or atleast two years, or at least three years. In some aspects of thepreceding methods, combinations and uses, the at least one compound ofthe present disclosure can be administered parenterally orsubcutaneously.

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, cancercan be a metabolic hormone sensitive cancer, post-menopausal HR+/Her2−breast cancer, triple-negative breast cancer, prostate cancer,esophageal carcinoma, esophageal adenocarcinoma, tongue cancer,colorectal adenocarcinoma, gastro-intestinal stromal tumor (GIST),cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic cancer,gall bladder cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, liver cancer, clear-cell renalcancer, melanoma, multiple myeloma, thyroid cancer, insulin-like growthfactor sensitive lung cancer, or combinations thereof.

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses,treating and/or ameliorating at least one symptom of metabolicdysfunction associated with a treatment can comprise decreasing insulinlevels, decreasing hyperinsulinemia, decreasing hyperglycemia decreasingC-peptide levels, increasing adiponectin, decreasing leptin, decreasingfasting insulin, improving insulin resistance, reducing theleptin-to-adiponectin ratio, reducing glucose levels, loweringcholesterol, lowering triglycerides, or combinations thereof in asubject. In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations anduses, treating and/or ameliorating at least one symptom of metabolicdysfunction associated with a treatment can comprise preventinghyperglycemia, preventing hyperinsulinemia and/or preventing increasesin glucose levels that is/are induced by administration of thetreatment.

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses,“decreasing the level of” or “decreasing the amount of” can refer to adecrease of at least about 5%, or at least about 10%, or at least about15%, or at least about 20%, or at least about 25%, or at least about30%, or at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, or at least about45%, or at least about 50%, or at least about 55%, or at least about60%, or at least about 65%, or at least about 70%, or at least about75%, or at least about 80%, or at least about 85%, or at least about90%, or at least about 95%, or at least about 99%.

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, atreatment, such as one that is associated with a metabolic dysfunction,can comprise administration of a phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)inhibitor, an AKT inhibitor, an mTOR inhibitor, a PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathwayinhibitor dexamethasone, or a combination thereof.

In some aspects of the preceding methods, combinations and uses, asecond agent or a second active agent can comprise aphosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor, an AKT inhibitor, an mTORinhibitor, a PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor, dexamethasone, or acombination thereof.

PI3K inhibitors include, but are not limited to, Serabelisib (TAK-117),BYL-719 or any other PI3K inhibitor known in the art. AKT inhibitorsinclude, but are not limited to AZD5363 (capavasertib), ipaseratib(GDC0068), and any other AKT inhibitor known in the art. MetAP2inhibitors include, but are not limited to ZGN-1061, Beloranib and anyother MetAP2 inhibitor known in the art. In some aspects, a MetAP2inhibitor can be any conjugate or compound recited herein.

A PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor can include, but are not limited to(paclitaxel+sirolimus+tanespimycin),(paclitaxel+sirolimus+tanespimycin), A-443654, AB-610, ACP-2127,ADC-0008830, AE-116, AEZS-126, AEZS-127, afuresertib+trametinib,AL-58203, AL-58805, AL-58922, ALM-301, AP-185, AP-23675, AP-23841,apitolisib, ARQ-751, ASP-7486, AST-0669, AT-104, AT-13148, AUM-302,AZD-3147, AZD-8055, AZD-8154, BAY-1001931, BAY-1125976, BAY-1125976,BGT-226, bimiralisib, BN-107, BN-108, borussertib, buformin, BVD-723,capivasertib, CC-115, CC-2141, CC-2142, Certican ODT, CL-27, COTI-2,CT-365, dactolisib tosylate, DC-120, DHM-25, dihydroartemisinin,DS-3078, DS-7423, duvelisib, EM-101, everolimus, FP-208, FT-1518, FXY-1,galarmin, GDC-0349, gedatolisib, GM-6, GNE-317, GNE-555, GSK-690693,GT-0486, HD-148 series, HEC-68498, HM-032, HM-5016699, HMPL-518,ipatasertib, IPI-549, ISC-4, J-9, JRP-890, KIT-2014, KS-99, LD-101,lithium carbonate, LY-2503029, LY-2780301, M-2698, ME-344, miransertibmesylate, MK-2206, MKC-1, monepantel, NISC-6, nPT-mTOR, NSC-765844,NV-128, onatasertib, ONC-201, ONC-222, ONC-235, OSU-53, OT-043, OT-043,P-7170, P-7170, PBD-1226, perifosine, PF-04691502, pimasertibhydrochloride+voxtalisib, PKI-179, PQR-311, PQR-316, PQR-401, PQR-4XX,PQR-514, PQR-530, PQR-620, PWT-33597, PX-316, recilisib sodium, RES-529,ridaforolimus, RMC-5552, RP-6503, RV-1729, RX-0183, RX-0201, RX-0201N,RX-0301, RX-1792, RX-8243, samotolisib, sapanisertib, SB-2602, SCC-31,SF-1126, SF-2523, SN-202, SPR-965, SR-13668, STP-503, SX-MTR1, TAFA-93,TAM-01, TAM-03, TAS-117, TASP-0415914, TE-7105, temsirolimus, tenalisib,TOP-216, trametinib dimethyl sulfoxide+uprosertib, triciribinephosphate, UB-1201, uprosertib, VCC-405567, VCC-668662, vistusertib,VLI-27, voxtalisib, VS-5584, WX-008, WXFL-10030390, X-387, X-414, X-480,XL-388, XL-418, XP-105, Y-31, Zortress or any combination thereof.

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which this disclosure belongs. In the specification, thesingular forms also include the plural unless the context clearlydictates otherwise. Although methods and materials similar or equivalentto those described herein can be used in the practice or testing of thepresent disclosure, suitable methods and materials are described below.All publications, patent applications, patents and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety for allpurposes. The references cited herein are not admitted to be prior artto the claimed disclosure. In the case of conflict, the presentspecification, including definitions, will control. In addition, thematerials, methods and examples are illustrative only and are notintended to be limiting.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1A is a graph depicting change in E0771 mammary tumor volume overtime in days in response to treatment of lean and obese mice withvehicle.

FIG. 1B is a graph depicting change in E0771 mammary tumor volume overtime in days in response to treatment of lean mice with vehicle orcompound 20 (noted in the Figure as Compound A).

FIG. 1C is a is a graph depicting change in E0771 mammary tumor volumeover time in days in response to treatment of obese mice with vehicle orcompound 20 (noted in the Figure as Compound A).

FIG. 2A is a graph depicting change in body weight over time in leanmice treated with vehicle or compound 20 (noted in the Figure asCompound A).

FIG. 2B is a graph depicting change in body weight over time in obesemice treated with vehicle or compound 20 (noted in Figure as CompoundA).

FIG. 3A is a graph depicting changes in adipose tissue mass inparametrial fat in lean and obese mice upon treatment with vehicle orcompound 20 (noted in the Figure as Compound A).

FIG. 3B is a graph depicting changes in adipose tissue mass in inguinaladipose tissue in lean and obese mice upon treatment with vehicle orcompound 20 (noted in the Figure as Compound A).

FIG. 3C is a graph depicting changes in adipose tissue mass inretroperitoneal adipose tissue in lean and obese mice upon treatmentwith vehicle or compound 20 (noted in the Figure as Compound A).

FIG. 4A is a graph depicting changes in the expression levels of leptinin lean and obese mice treated with vehicle or compound 20 (noted in theFigure as Compound A).

FIG. 4B is a graph depicting changes in the expression levels ofadiponectin in lean and obese mice treated with vehicle or compound 20(noted in the Figure as Compound A).

FIG. 4C is a graph depicting changes in the Leptin/Adiponectin Ratio(LAR) in lean and obese mice treated with vehicle or compound 20 (notedin the Figure as Compound A).

FIG. 5A is a graph depicting changes in the immunosupporessive cytokineIL10 levels in lean mice treated with compound 20 (noted in the Figureas Compound A).

FIG. 5B is a graph depicting changes in the immunosupporessive cytokineIL10 levels obese mice treated with compound 20 (noted in the Figure asCompound A).

FIG. 6A is a plot and comparison graphs depicting changes in the tumorsuppressor myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MSDCs) in tumor cells oflean and obese mice upon treatment with compound 20 (noted in the Figureas Compound A).

FIG. 6B is a plot and comparison graphs depicting changes in the tumorsuppressor myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MSDCs) in tumor cells oflean and obese mice upon treatment with compound 20 (noted in the Figureas Compound A).

FIG. 6C is a plot and comparison graphs depicting changes in the tumorsuppressor myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MSDCs) in tumor cells oflean and obese mice upon treatment with compound 20 (noted in the Figureas Compound A).

FIG. 7A is an image of an immunohistochemically-stained EO771 mammarygland tumor from an obese vehicle-treated mouse stained for the Tregmarker FoxP3.

FIG. 7B is an image of an immunohistochemically-stained EO771 mammarygland tumor from an obese mouse treated with compound 5 (noted in theFigure as Compound A) stained for the Treg marker FoxP3.

FIG. 8A is an image of an immunohistochemically-stained EO771 mammarygland tumor from an obese vehicle-treated mouse stained for thetumor-associated macrophage enzyme Arg-1.

FIG. 8B is an image of an immunohistochemically-stained EO771 mammarygland tumor from an obese mouse treated with compound 20 (noted in theFigure as Compound A) stained for the tumor-associated macrophage enzymeArg-1.

FIG. 9A is a graph depicting leptin levels in serum of cancer patientstreated with compound 20 (noted in the Figure as Compound A) as part ofthe SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG. 9A depicts changes in leptin levels inng/mL.

FIG. 9B is a graph depicting leptin levels in serum of cancer patientstreated with compound 20 (noted in the Figure as Compound A) as part ofthe SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG. 9B depicts changes in leptin levels asa percent change compared to baseline.

FIG. 10A is a graph depicting adiponectin levels in serum of cancerpatients treated with compound 20 (noted in the Figure as Compound A) aspart of the SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG. 10A depicts changes inadiponectin levels in μg/mL.

FIG. 10B is a graph depicting adiponectin levels in serum of cancerpatients treated with compound 20 (noted in the Figure as Compound A) aspart of the SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG. 10B depicts changes inadiponectin levels as a percent change compared to baseline.

FIG. 11A is a graph depicting the leptin/adiponectin ratio in the serumof cancer patients treated with compound 20 (noted in the Figure asCompound A) as part of the SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG. 11A depictschanges in the leptin/adiponectin ratio in ng/μg.

FIG. 11B is a graph depicting the leptin/adiponectin ratio in the serumof cancer patients treated with compound 20 (noted in the Figure asCompound A) as part of the SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG. 11B depictschanges in the leptin/adiponectin ratio as a percent change compared tobaseline.

FIG. 12A is a graph depicting the pro-angiogenic marker VEGF-C levels inserum of cancer patients treated with compound 20 (noted in the Figureas Compound A) as part of the SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG. 12A depictschanges in VEGF-C levels in pg/mL.

FIG. 12B is a graph depicting the pro-angiogenic marker VEGF-C levels inserum of cancer patients treated with compound 20 (noted in the Figureas Compound A) as part of the SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG. 12B depictschanges in VEGF-C levels as a percent change compared to baseline.

FIG. 13A is a graph depicting the pro-angiogenic and pro-tumor markerIGF-1 levels in serum of cancer patients treated with compound 20 (notedin the Figure as Compound A) as part of the SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG.13A depicts changes in IGF-1 levels in ng/mL.

FIG. 13B is a graph depicting the pro-angiogenic and pro-tumor markerIGF-1 levels in serum of cancer patients treated with compound 20 (notedin the Figure as Compound A) as part of the SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG.13B depicts changes in IGF-1 levels as a percent change compared tobaseline.

FIG. 14A is a graph depicting pro-angiogenic biomarker bFGF/FGF2 levelsin serum of cancer patients treated with compound 20 (noted in theFigure as Compound A) as part of the SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG. 14Adepicts changes in bFGF/FGF2 levels in pg/mL.

FIG. 14B is a graph depicting pro-angiogenic biomarker bFGF/FGF2 levelsin serum of cancer patients treated with compound 20 (noted in theFigure as Compound A) as part of the SDX-101 clinical trial. FIG. 14Bdepicts changes in bFGF/FGF2 level as a percent change compared tobaseline.

FIG. 15A shows the effect of compound 20 (noted in the Figure asCompound A) given to heavily pre-treated cancer patients on insulinlevels, where baseline insulin is above 20 uU/ml in absolute values.

FIG. 15B shows the effect of compound 20 (noted in the Figure asCompound A) given to heavily pre-treated cancer patients on insulinlevels, where baseline insulin is above 20 uU/ml in percent change.

FIG. 16 shows the attenuation of glucose spikes in a mouse model of aPI3K inhibitor mediated hyperglycemia, where normal C57Bl/6 mice weredosed with the PI3K inhibitor to induce hyperclygemia, and were eitherpre-treated with compound 20 (noted in the Figure as Compound A) 10 daysbefore on an every-four-day dosing regimen, or 24 hours before injectionwith the PI3K inhibitor, or 4 hours before injection with the PI3Kinhibitor.

FIG. 17 shows time course increasing apoptosis of cultured humanlymphoblastoid cell line TK6, seeded at 2×10⁵ cells per ml over a 16hour (top panel) and 24 hour period (bottom panel) treated with a smallmolecule fumagillin derivative of the present disclosure.

FIG. 18 shows increasing induction of caspase 3/7 markers of apoptosisover time (16 hours, top panel; 24 hours, bottom panel) in culturedhuman lymphoblastoid cell line TK6, seeded at 2×10⁵ cells per ml andtreated with a small molecule fumagillin derivative of the presentdisclosure.

FIG. 19 shows the global improvements in insulin resistance in cancerpatients treated with compound 20 as calculated using the HOMA2-IR Scoremethod. The majority of these late-stage cancer patients did not haveovert metabolic dysfunction demonstrating the surprising effect ofinsulin resistance improvements in cancer patients.

FIG. 20 shows the surprising time course lowering of insulin inmetabolically normal mice that were treated with a drug from the PI3Kclass of therapeutics (BYL-719)—in combination with Compound 20 (shownas Compound A in the figure) and suffered hyperglycemia as a result ofthe PI3K treatment.

FIG. 21 shows the surprising time course lowering of C-peptide inmetabolically normal mice that were treated with a drug from the PI3Kdrug class of therapies (BYL-719)—in combination with Compound 20 (shownas Compound A in the figure), and suffered hyperglycemia as a result ofthe PI3K treatment.

FIG. 22 is a graph showing the change in MCF-7 tumor volume (% changefrom baseline) in mice treated with either vehicle control, Compound 20(referred to as Compound A) at 8 mg/kg or Compound 20 at 16 mg/kg.

FIG. 23 is a graph showing the change in MCF-7 tumor volume (% changefrom baseline) in mice treated with either vehicle control, Compound 20(referred to as Compound A) at 8 mg/kg, Compound 20 at 8 mg/kg incombination with BYL-719 at 25 mg/kg or BYL-719 alone at 25 mg/kg.

FIG. 24 is a graph showing the change in MCF-7 tumor volume (% changefrom baseline) in mice treated with either vehicle control, Compound 20(referred to as Compound A) at 8 mg/kg, Compound A at 8 mg/kg incombination with BYL-719 at 45 mg/kg or BYL-719 alone at 45 mg/kg.

FIG. 25 is a graph showing the change in tumor volume at day 37 in micetreated either with a vehicle control, Compound 20 (referred to asCompound A) alone, BYL-719 alone or Compound 20 in combination withBYL-719.

FIG. 26 is a graph showing the glucose levels in mice treated eitherwith Compound 20 (referred to as Compound A) along, the Akt inhibitorAZD5363 alone, or a combination of compound 20 and AZD5363.

FIG. 27 is a graph showing blood glucose levels in mice treated eitherwith vehicle control or the PI3K inhibitor BYL-719.

FIG. 28 is a graph showing blood glucose levels in mice treated eitherwith a vehicle control, ZGN-1061 alone, BYL-719 alone or a combinationof ZGN-1061 and BYL-719.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present disclosure provides methods of inducing or causingbeneficial changes in a variety of cells, tissues and/or proteins thatotherwise impede the clinical activity of a variety of cancertreatments. In certain aspects, the subject is overweight, obese or hasmetabolic dysfunction as a pre-existing condition or induced by somesecond agent.

The present disclosure provides methods of blunting or preventing thenegative, systemic effects of certain cancer treatments on a patient'smetabolic system. For example, certain cancer therapies inducehyperglycemia and subsequent hyperinsulinemia, which may attenuate theirefficacy. A MetAP2 inhibitor of the present disclosure can blunt orprevent the negative metabolic effects of these cancer therapies andtherefore improve oncologic treatment outcomes in a subject in needthereof comprising administering at least one compound of the presentdisclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite,analog or derivative thereof, in a therapeutically effective amount on areasonable schedule to the subject to treat or ameliorate theseunderlying disease modifiers and improve treatment outcomes.

The present disclosure also provides methods of altering the tumormicroenvironment in a subject in need thereof comprising administeringat least one compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, in atherapeutically effective amount on a reasonable schedule to the subjectto enhance the effect of a co-administered therapy to treat orameliorate these diseases and conditions.

The present disclosure also provides methods of reducing certainpro-angiogenic factors associated with obesity or cancer. Here, it isshown for the first time that MetAP2 inhibitors may also inhibitangiogenesis via systemic reductions in pro-angiogenic factors VEGF-C,bFGF and IGF-1.

Methods of Use

The present disclosure provides methods of treating, or ameliorating atleast one symptom of, a proliferation disorder in a subject in needthereof comprising administering at least one MetAP2 inhibitor in atherapeutically effective amount to the subject, wherein the expressionof at least one of IL-10, arginase-1, myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSC), regulatory T cells leptin, PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4, VEGF-C, IGF-1,and bFGF in a tumor, a tumor microenvironment, in plasma, or anycombination thereof is reduced in a subject having cancer. In apreferred aspect, the proliferation disorder is cancer. The cancer canbe HR+/Her2− breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer, Her2+ breastcancer, castration resistant prostate cancer, esophageal carcinoma,colorectal adenocarcinoma, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovariancancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, gall bladder cancer, liver cancer,clear-cell renal cancer, melanoma, multiple myeloma, or combinationsthereof. The subject may also be overweight or obese. The subject mayhave metabolic dysfunction, including any of the following; excessivevisceral adiposity, elevated leptin levels, depressed adiponectinlevels, high leptin-to-adiponectin ratio, elevated fasting insulinlevels, elevated fasting insulin levels accompanied by chronicinflammation, hyperglycemia, elevated HbA1c, or combinations thereof.Preferably, the metabolic dysfunction is low adiponectin, elevatedleptin, elevated fasting insulin, or combinations thereof. The methodsof the present disclosure can also include treating or ameliorating atleast one symptom of the metabolic dysfunction in addition to treatingor ameliorating at least one symptom of the proliferation disorder.

The present disclosure provides methods of treating or ameliorating atleast one symptom of metabolic dysfunction associated with cancertreatment in a subject comprising administering at least one MetAP2inhibitor in a therapeutically effective amount. The cancer can beHR+/Her2− breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer, Her2+ breastcancer, castration resistant prostate cancer, esophageal carcinoma,colorectal adenocarcinoma, cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovariancancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, gall bladder cancer, liver cancer,clear-cell renal cancer, melanoma, or multiple myeloma. The subject mayalso be overweight or obese. The metabolic dysfunction can includeexcessive visceral adiposity, elevated leptin levels, depressedadiponectin levels, high leptin-to-adiponectin ratio, elevated fastinginsulin levels, elevated fasting insulin levels accompanied by chronicinflammation, hyperglycemia, elevated HbA1c, or combinations thereof.Preferably, the metabolic dysfunction is low adiponectin, elevatedleptin, elevated fasting insulin, hyperglycemia, or combinationsthereof. The methods of the present disclosure can also includetreating, or ameliorating at least one symptom of the metabolicdysfunction in addition to treating or ameliorating at least one symptomof the proliferation disorder.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofIL-10 in a tumor or in the systemic circulation (i.e., blood, plasma orserum) in a subject having cancer comprising administering at least oneMetAP2 inhibitor in a therapeutically effective amount to the subjectwith metabolic dysfunction, wherein the expression of IL-10 in a tumoror plasma is reduced in a subject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofarginase-1 in a tumor, the tumor microenvironment or in the systemiccirculation (i.e., blood, plasma or serum) in a subject having a cancercomprising administering at least one MetAP2 inhibitor in atherapeutically effective amount to the subject with metabolicdysfunction, wherein the expression of arginase-1 in a tumor or plasmais reduced in a subject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofmyeloid-derived suppressor cells in a tumor or in the systemiccirculation (i.e., blood) in a subject having a cancer comprisingadministering at least one MetAP2 inhibitor in a therapeuticallyeffective amount to the subject with metabolic dysfunction, wherein theexpression of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a tumor, the tumormicroenvironment or plasma is reduced in a subject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofregulatory T cells in a tumor or in the systemic circulation (i.e.,blood) in a subject having a cancer comprising administering at leastone MetAP2 inhibitor in a therapeutically effective amount to thesubject with metabolic dysfunction, wherein the expression of regulatoryT cells in a tumor, the tumor microenvironment or plasma is reduced in asubject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofleptin in a tumor or plasma in a subject having a cancer comprisingadministering at least one MetAP2 inhibitor in a therapeuticallyeffective amount to the subject, wherein the expression of leptin in atumor, the tumor microenvironment or plasma is reduced in a subjecthaving cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression of agrowth factor in a tumor or in the systemic circulation (i.e., blood,plasma or serum) in a subject having a cancer comprising administeringat least one MetAP2 inhibitor in a therapeutically effective amount tothe subject with metabolic dysfunction, wherein the expression of thegrowth factor in a tumor, the tumor microenvironment or plasma isreduced in a subject having cancer. The growth factor can be VEGF-C,IGF-1, bFGF, or a combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides methods of treating or ameliorating atleast one symptom of cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering at least one fumagillin analog or derivative or areversible MetAP2 inhibitor in a therapeutically effective amount to thesubject, wherein the expression of at least one of IL-10, arginase-1,myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), regulatory T cells leptin,insulin, VEGF-C, IGF-1, or bFGF in a tumor, the tumor microenvironmentor in plasma is reduced and/or the level of the hormone adiponectin isincreased in a subject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of treating or ameliorating atleast one symptom of metabolic dysfunction associated with cancertreatment in a subject having cancer comprising administering at leastone fumagillin analog or derivative or conjugate in a therapeuticallyeffective amount to the subject to treat or ameliorate at least onesymptom of metabolic dysfunction associated with cancer treatment in asubject.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofIL-10 in a tumor or plasma in a subject having cancer comprisingadministering at least one fumagillin analog or derivative in atherapeutically effective amount to the subject, wherein the expressionof IL-10 in a tumor, the tumor microenvironment or plasma is reduced ina subject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofarginase-1 in a tumor or plasma in a subject having cancer comprisingadministering at least one fumagillin analog or derivative in atherapeutically effective amount to the subject, wherein the expressionof arginase-1 in a tumor, the tumor microenvironment or plasma isreduced in a subject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofmyeloid-derived suppressor cells in a tumor or plasma in a subjecthaving cancer comprising administering at least one fumagillin analog orderivative in a therapeutically effective amount to the subject, whereinthe expression of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a tumor, the tumormicroenvironment or plasma is reduced in a subject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofregulatory T cells in a tumor or plasma in a subject having cancercomprising administering at least one fumagillin analog or derivative ina therapeutically effective amount to the subject, wherein theexpression of regulatory T cells in a tumor or plasma or the tumormicroenvironment is reduced in a subject having cancer. The presentdisclosure provides methods of reducing the expression of leptin in atumor or plasma in a subject having a cancer comprising administering atleast one fumagillin analog or derivative in a therapeutically effectiveamount to the subject, wherein the expression of leptin in a tumor, thetumor microenvironment or plasma is reduced in a subject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression of agrowth factor in a tumor or plasma in a subject having a cancercomprising administering at least one fumagillin analog or derivative ina therapeutically effective amount to the subject, wherein theexpression of the growth factor in a tumor, the tumor microenvironmentor plasma is reduced in a subject having cancer. The growth factor canbe VEGF-C, IGF-1, bFGF, or a combination thereof.

The present disclosure provides methods of treating or ameliorating atleast one symptom of cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering at least one compound of the present disclosure in atherapeutically effective amount to the subject, wherein the expressionof at least one of IL-10, arginase-1, myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSC), regulatory T cells leptin, insulin, VEGF-C, IGF-1, or bFGF in atumor, the tumor microenvironment or plasma is reduced in a subjecthaving cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of treating, or ameliorating atleast one symptom of metabolic dysfunction associated with cancertreatment in a subject having a cancer comprising administering at leastone compound of the present disclosure in a therapeutically effectiveamount to the subject to treat or ameliorate at least one symptom ofmetabolic dysfunction associated with cancer treatment in a subjecthaving cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofIL-10 in a tumor or plasma in a subject having a cancer comprisingadministering at least one compound of the present disclosure in atherapeutically effective amount to the subject, wherein the expressionof IL-10 in a tumor, the tumor microenvironment or plasma is reduced ina subject metabolic dysfunction having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofarginase-1 in a tumor or plasma in a subject having a cancer comprisingadministering at least one compound of the present disclosure in atherapeutically effective amount to the subject, wherein the expressionof arginase-1 in a tumor, the tumor microenvironment or plasma isreduced in a subject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofmyeloid-derived suppressor cells in a tumor or plasma in a subjecthaving a cancer comprising administering at least one compound of thepresent disclosure in a therapeutically effective amount to the subject,wherein the expression of myeloid-derived suppressor cells in a tumor,the tumor microenvironment or plasma is reduced in a subject havingcancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression ofregulatory T cells in a tumor or plasma in a subject having a cancercomprising administering at least one compound of the present disclosurein a therapeutically effective amount to the subject, wherein theexpression of regulatory T cells in a tumor, the tumor microenvironmentor plasma is reduced in a subject having cancer.

The present disclosure provides methods of reducing the expression of agrowth factor in a tumor or plasma in a subject having a cancercomprising administering at least one compound of the present disclosurein a therapeutically effective amount to the subject, wherein theexpression of the growth factor in a tumor, the tumor microenvironmentor plasma is reduced in a subject having cancer. The growth factor canbe VEGF-C, IGF-1, bFGF, or a combination thereof.

Obesity has been identified as a risk factor for breast cancer andexcess visceral adipose tissue is associated with a worse response tochemotherapy and reduced progression and/or disease-free survival(Schaffler, A., et al. (2007) Nat Clin Pract Endocrinol Metab 3:345-54;Vona-Davis, L. Rose, D P. (2007) Endocr Relat Cancer 14:189-206).Adipose tissue-derived factors (e.g. leptin, adiponectin, aromatase,IL-6) have been proposed as possible mediators of the obesity-breastcancer link, and recent data draw attention specifically to theadipokines leptin and adiponectin (Cleary, M P., et al. (2009) FrontBiosci (School Ed) 1:329-57; Cleary, M P., et al. (2010) Vet Pathol47:202-13). The molecular basis for underlying the role of leptin,adiponectin and other hormones, such as insulin and insulin-like growthfactors have recently been described. Circulating adiponectin levels areinversely correlated with body mass index (BMI); in contrast, serumleptin positively correlates with BMI (Ryan, A S., et al. (2003)Diabetes Care 26:2383-8; Wauters, M., et al. (2000) Eur J Endocrinol143:293-311). In obese individuals, especially in those with highvisceral fat content, adiponectin levels are depressed (Brochu-GaudreauK, et al. Endocrine 2010, 37(1):11-32). Adiponectin is found in humanserum at concentrations of 2-20 μg/ml (Grossmann, M E., et al. (2008) BrJ Cancer 98:370-9). The mechanism underlying adiponectin signaling andcancer prevention is thought to involve the activation of intracellularsignals AMPK and inhibition of growth and survival pathways(Brochu-Gaudreau K, et al. Endocrine 2010, 37(1):11-32, Pfeiler G etal., Maturitas 2009, 63(3):253-256). Further, adiponectin may exert itsbiological activity indirectly, through selective sequestration ofdifferent growth factors (e.g., basic fibroblast growth factor,platelet-derived growth factor BB, heparin-binding epidermal growthfactor) and inhibition of their normal receptor binding. Theseinteractions involve specific oligomeric forms of adiponectin. Barb, D.,Williams, C J., Neuwirth, A K., Mantzoros, C S. (2007) Am J Clin Nutr86:s858-66. Wang et al. (2005) J Biol Chem 280:18341-7).

Several epidemiological studies found an inverse relation betweenadiponectin levels and breast cancer risk (Barb, et al. (2007) Am J ClinNutr 86:s858-66; Miyoshi, et al. (2003) Clin Cancer Res 9:5699-704.Mantzoros, et al. (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:1102-7; Chen, D C.,et al. (2006) Cancer Lett 237:109-14). In breast cancer patients, theadiponectin levels and the adiponectin-to-leptin ratio tend to bereduced relative to that found in lean women (Cleary M P., et al.,(2009) Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 1:329-57; Cleary, M P., et al. (2006)Cancer Lett 237:109-14). Breast cancer patients with low adiponectinlevels are reported to have more aggressive tumors and higher frequencyof lymph node metastasis (Schaffler, A., et al. (2007) Nat Clin PractEndocrinol Metab 3:345-54; Hou, W K., et al. (2007) Chin Med J (Engl)120:1592-6).

In one aspect, the present disclosure provides methods of utilizing atleast one MetAP2 inhibitor, at least one fumagillin analog or derivativeand/or at least one compound of the present disclosure to treat specifictumor types that are exacerbated by metabolic dysfunction, includingHR+/Her2− breast cancer, triple negative breast cancer, Her2+ breastcancer, invasive breast carcinoma, castration resistant prostate cancer,esophageal carcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, cervical cancer,endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, gallbladder cancer, liver cancer, clear-cell renal cancer, melanoma,multiple myeloma, or acute myeloid leukemia. In preferred aspects, thepresent methods disclose subcutaneous administration of a MetAP2inhibitor in cancer patients with pre-existing or treatment inducedmetabolic dysfunction. The metabolic dysfunction can include excessivevisceral adiposity, elevated leptin levels, depressed adiponectinlevels, high leptin-to-adiponectin ratio, elevated fasting insulinlevels, elevated fasting insulin levels accompanied by chronicinflammation, hyperglycemia, elevated HbA1c or combinations thereof. Thepresent methods can restore the patient to a more metabolically neutraland stable state and slow or reverse the progression of the patient'scancer.

Described herein are methods to improve the underlying metabolicdysfunction in patients with metabolically-sensitive tumors. The methodsof treating the tumors include increasing the levels of adiponectin,lowering the levels of leptin, improving (decreasing) theleptin-to-adiponectin ratio, lowering the levels of insulin, loweringthe fasting glucose level, or combinations thereof. Subcutaneousadministration of the MetAP2 inhibitors described herein havedemonstrated the ability to improve these levels and ratios in cancerpatients, and thus, can be used for the treatment of metabolicallysensitive tumors which can benefit from an adiponectin upregulationalong with improved leptin and insulin sensitivity. Accordingly, incertain aspects, the MetAP2 inhibitors described herein can treatcancers including hormone-receptor positive (HR+) breast cancer, triplenegative breast cancer, Her2+ breast cancer, castration resistantprostate cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma,cervical cancer, endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer, pancreaticadenocarcinoma, gall bladder, hepatocellular carcinoma, clear-cell renalcancer, melanoma, multiple myeloma, or combinations thereof. Theaforementioned cancers can be related to, at least in part, toadiponectin deficiency and/or adiponectin resistance.

The present disclosure also provides methods of treating cancer in asubject in need thereof, said method comprising the steps of (i)identifying the patient as having hormone-receptor positive (HR+) breastcancer, triple negative breast cancer, Her2+ breast cancer, castrationresistant prostate cancer, esophageal adenocarcinoma, colorectaladenocarcinoma, cervical, cancer endometrial cancer, ovarian cancer,pancreatic adenocarcinoma, gall bladder cancer, hepatocellularcarcinoma, clear-cell renal cancer, melanoma, multiple myeloma, acutemyeloid leukemia; (ii) determining whether the cancer patient hasmetabolic dysfunction, and (iii) if the subject is identified as havingone of the cancers in step (i) and metabolic dysfunction in step (ii),administering a therapeutically effective amount of at least one MetAP2inhibitor, at least one fumagillin analog or derivative, or at least onecompound of the present disclosure. Preferably, the subject isadministered a compound of the present disclosure. Preferably, thecompound is administered subcutaneously. Metabolic dysfunction caninclude excessive visceral adiposity, elevated leptin levels, depressedadiponectin levels, high leptin-to-adiponectin ratio, elevated fastinginsulin levels, elevated fasting insulin levels accompanied by chronicinflammation, hyperglycemia, elevated HbA1c or combinations thereof.Preferably, the metabolic dysfunction is low adiponectin, elevatedleptin, elevated fasting insulin, hyperglycemia, or combinationsthereof. The methods of the present disclosure can also include treatingor ameliorating at least one symptom of the metabolic dysfunction inaddition to treating the cancer.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method ofdetermining whether a tumor is metabolically sensitive and comprising:(1) identifying the tumor type as being one from the list of knownmetabolically-sensitive tumors (meningioma, thyroid, adenocarcinomaesophageal, liver, gallbladder, GIST, pancreatic, kidney, CRC, prostate,multiple myeloma, breast, ovarian, cervical, endometrial) (2) measuringthe level of fasting insulin and glucose to determine the HOMA score(insulin sensitivity level) for the patient, (3) comparing the HOMAscore to that of lean patients, and (4) determining that, if the levelof the HOMA score is larger than the metabolically normal level, thecancer is susceptible to treatment with at least one MetAP2 inhibitor,at least one fumagillin analog or derivative, or at least one compoundof the present disclosure.

In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method ofco-administering a MetAP2 inhibitor with a treatment that inducesmetabolic dysfunction. The treatment can be a cancer treatment. Thetreatment can be an AKT inhibitor, a PI3K inhibitor, an mTOR inhibitor,a PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitor or any combination thereof.

As used herein, a “subject in need thereof” is a subject having a cellproliferative disorder, or a subject having an increased risk ofdeveloping a cell proliferative disorder relative to the population atlarge. A subject in need thereof can have a precancerous condition, suchas hyperplasia. Preferably, a subject in need thereof has cancer ormetastasis from a primary cancerous mass or hematologic cancer.Preferably, the subject having a cell proliferative disorder also haspre-existing or treatment-induced metabolic dysfunction.

A “subject” includes a mammal. The mammal can be e.g., any mammal, e.g.,a human, primate, mouse, rat, dog, cat, cow, horse, goat, rabbit, camel,sheep or a pig. Preferably, the mammal is a human. The term “subject”and “patient” are used interchangeably herein.

As used herein, the term “cell proliferative disorder” refers toconditions in which unregulated or abnormal growth, or both, of cellscan lead to the development of an unwanted condition or disease, whichmay or may not be cancerous. Exemplary cell proliferative disorders ofthe disclosure encompass a variety of conditions wherein cell divisionis deregulated. Exemplary cell proliferative disorders include, but arenot limited to, neoplasms, benign tumors, malignant tumors,pre-cancerous conditions, in situ tumors, encapsulated tumors,metastatic tumors, liquid tumors, solid tumors, immunological tumors,hematological tumors, cancers, carcinomas, leukemias, lymphomas, B celllymphomas, sarcomas, and rapidly dividing cells. The term “rapidlydividing cell” as used herein is defined as any cell that divides at arate that exceeds or is greater than what is expected or observed amongneighboring or juxtaposed cells within the same tissue. A cellproliferative disorder includes a precancer or a precancerous condition.A cell proliferative disorder includes cancer or metastasis from aprimary cancerous mass. A cell proliferative disorder includes anon-cancer condition or disorder. Preferably, the methods providedherein are used to treat or alleviate a symptom of cancer. The term“cancer” includes solid tumors, as well as hematologic tumors and/ormalignancies or metastasis from a primary cancerous mass or hematologicorigin. A “precancer cell” or “precancerous cell” is a cell manifestinga cell proliferative disorder that is a precancer or a precancerouscondition. A “cancer cell” or “cancerous cell” is a cell manifesting acell proliferative disorder that is a cancer. As used herein the term“metastasis”, “metastatic cancer” or “metastatic lesion” refers to thedevelopment of secondary malignant growth at a distance from a primarysite of cancer. Any reproducible means of measurement may be used toidentify cancer cells or precancerous cells. Cancer cells orprecancerous cells can be identified by histological typing or gradingof a tissue sample (e.g., a biopsy sample) or by evidence of DNAmutations. Cancer cells or precancerous cells can be identified throughthe use of appropriate molecular markers.

Exemplary cancers include, but are not limited to, adrenocorticalcarcinoma, AIDS-related cancers, AIDS-related lymphoma, B celllymphomas, anal cancer, anorectal cancer, cancer of the anal canal, analsquamous cell carcinoma, angiosarcoma, appendix cancer, childhoodcerebellar astrocytoma, childhood cerebral astrocytoma, basal cellcarcinoma, skin cancer (non-melanoma), biliary cancer, extrahepatic bileduct cancer, intrahepatic bile duct cancer, bladder cancer, urinarybladder cancer, bone and joint cancer, osteosarcoma and malignantfibrous histiocytoma, brain cancer, brain tumor, brain stem glioma,cerebellar astrocytoma, cerebral astrocytoma/malignant glioma,ependymoma, medulloblastoma, supratentorial primitive neuroectodeimaltumors, visual pathway and hypothalamic glioma, breast cancer, bronchialadenomas/carcinoids, carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinal, nervous systemcancer, nervous system lymphoma, central nervous system cancer, centralnervous system lymphoma, cervical cancer, childhood cancers, chroniclymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronicmyeloproliferative disorders, colon cancer, colorectal cancer, cutaneousT-cell lymphoma, lymphoid neoplasm, mycosis fungoides, Seziary Syndrome,endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, extracranial germ cell tumor,extragonadal germ cell tumor, extrahepatic bile duct cancer, eye cancer,intraocular melanoma, retinoblastoma, gallbladder cancer, gastric(stomach) cancer, gastrointestinal carcinoid tumor, gastrointestinalstromal tumor (GIST), germ cell tumor, ovarian germ cell tumor,gestational trophoblastic tumor glioma, head and neck cancer, head andneck squamous cell carcinoma, hepatocellular (liver) cancer, Hodgkinlymphoma, hypopharyngeal cancer, intraocular melanoma, ocular cancer,islet cell tumors (endocrine pancreas), Kaposi Sarcoma, kidney cancer,renal cancer, kidney cancer, laryngeal cancer, acute lymphoblasticleukemia, T-cell lymphoblastic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, chroniclymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, hairy cell leukemia,lip and oral cavity cancer, liver cancer, lung cancer, non-small celllung cancer, small cell lung cancer, lung squamous cell carcinoma,AIDS-related lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, primary central nervoussystem lymphoma, B-cell lymphomas, primary effusion lymphoma,Waldenstram macroglobulinemia, medulloblastoma, melanoma, intraocular(eye) melanoma, merkel cell carcinoma, mesothelioma malignant,mesothelioma, metastatic squamous neck cancer, mouth cancer, cancer ofthe tongue, multiple endocrine neoplasia syndrome, mycosis fungoides,myelodysplastic syndromes, myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative diseases,chronic myelogenous leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia, multiple myeloma,chronic myeloproliferative disorders, nasopharyngeal cancer,neuroblastoma, oral cancer, oral cavity cancer, oropharyngeal cancer,ovarian cancer, ovarian epithelial cancer, ovarian low malignantpotential tumor, pancreatic cancer, islet cell pancreatic cancer,pancreatic endocrine tumor, paranasal sinus and nasal cavity cancer,parathyroid cancer, cholangiocarcinoma, penile cancer, pharyngealcancer, pheochromocytoma, pineoblastoma and supratentorial primitiveneuroectodermal tumors, pituitary tumor, pituitary adenoma, plasma cellneoplasm/multiple myeloma, pleuropulmonary blastoma, prostate cancer,rectal cancer, renal pelvis and ureter, transitional cell cancer,retinoblastoma, rhabdomyosarcoma, salivary gland cancer, Ewing family ofsarcoma tumors, Kaposi Sarcoma, soft tissue sarcoma, uterine cancer,uterine sarcoma, skin cancer (non-melanoma), skin cancer (melanoma),merkel cell skin carcinoma, small intestine cancer, soft tissue sarcoma,squamous cell carcinoma, stomach (gastric) cancer, supratentorialprimitive neuroectodermal tumors, testicular cancer, throat cancer,thymoma, thymoma and thymic carcinoma, thyroid cancer, transitional cellcancer of the renal pelvis and ureter and other urinary organs,gestational trophoblastic tumor, urethral cancer, endometrial uterinecancer, uterine sarcoma, uterine corpus cancer, vaginal cancer, vulvarcancer, and Wilm's Tumor.

A “cell proliferative disorder of the hematologic system” is a cellproliferative disorder involving cells of the hematologic system. A cellproliferative disorder of the hematologic system can include lymphoma, Bcell lymphomas, leukemia, myeloid neoplasms, mast cell neoplasms,myelodysplasia, benign monoclonal gammopathy, lymphomatoidgranulomatosis, lymphomatoid papulosis, polycythemia vera, chronicmyelocytic leukemia, agnogenic myeloid metaplasia, and essentialthrombocythemia. A cell proliferative disorder of the hematologic systemcan include hyperplasia, dysplasia, and metaplasia of cells of thehematologic system. Preferably, compositions of the present disclosurecan be used to treat a cancer selected from the group consisting of ahematologic cancer of the present disclosure or a hematologic cellproliferative disorder of the present disclosure. A hematologic cancerof the present disclosure can include multiple myeloma, lymphoma(including Hodgkin's lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, childhoodlymphomas, and lymphomas of lymphocytic and cutaneous origin), leukemia(including childhood leukemia, hairy-cell leukemia, acute lymphocyticleukemia, acute myelocytic leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia,chronic myelocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, and mast cellleukemia), myeloid neoplasms and mast cell neoplasms.

A cancer that is to be treated can be staged according to the AmericanJoint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) TNM classification system, where thetumor (T) has been assigned a stage of TX, T1, T1mic, T1a, T1b, T1c, T2,T3, T4, T4a, T4b, T4c, or T4d; and where the regional lymph nodes (N)have been assigned a stage of NX, N0, N1, N2, N2a, N2b, N3, N3a, N3b, orN3c; and where distant metastasis (M) can be assigned a stage of MX, M0,or M1. A cancer that is to be treated can be staged according to anAmerican Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) classification as Stage I,Stage IIA, Stage IIB, Stage IIIA, Stage IIIB, Stage IIIC, or Stage IV. Acancer that is to be treated can be assigned a grade according to anAJCC classification as Grade GX (e.g., grade cannot be assessed), Grade1, Grade 2, Grade 3 or Grade 4. A cancer that is to be treated can bestaged according to an AJCC pathologic classification (pN) of pNX, pN0,PN0 (I−), PN0 (I+), PN0 (mol−), PN0 (mol+), PN1, PN1 (mi), PN1a, PN1b,PN1c, pN2, pN2a, pN2b, pN3, pN3a, pN3b, or pN3c.

A cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor that has beendetermined to be less than or equal to about 2 centimeters in diameter.A cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor that has beendetermined to be from about 2 to about 5 centimeters in diameter. Acancer that is to be treated can include a tumor that has beendetermined to be greater than or equal to about 3 centimeters indiameter. A cancer that is to be treated can include a tumor that hasbeen determined to be greater than 5 centimeters in diameter. A cancerthat is to be treated can be classified by microscopic appearance aswell differentiated, moderately differentiated, poorly differentiated,or undifferentiated. A cancer that is to be treated can be classified bymicroscopic appearance with respect to mitosis count (e.g., amount ofcell division) or nuclear pleiomorphism (e.g., change in cells). Acancer that is to be treated can be classified by microscopic appearanceas being associated with areas of necrosis (e.g., areas of dying ordegenerating cells). A cancer that is to be treated can be classified ashaving an abnormal karyotype, having an abnormal number of chromosomes,or having one or more chromosomes that are abnormal in appearance. Acancer that is to be treated can be classified as being aneuploid,triploid, tetraploid, or as having an altered ploidy. A cancer that isto be treated can be classified as having a chromosomal translocation,or a deletion or duplication of an entire chromosome, or a region ofdeletion, duplication or amplification of a portion of a chromosome.

A cancer that is to be treated can be evaluated by DNA cytometry, flowcytometry, or image cytometry. A cancer that is to be treated can betyped as having 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, or 90% of cellsin the synthesis stage of cell division (e.g., in S phase of celldivision). A cancer that is to be treated can be typed as having a lowS-phase fraction or a high S-phase fraction.

As used herein, a “normal cell” is a cell that cannot be classified aspart of a “cell proliferative disorder”. A normal cell lacks unregulatedor abnormal growth, or both, that can lead to the development of anunwanted condition or disease. Preferably, a normal cell possessesnormally functioning cell cycle checkpoint control mechanisms.

As used herein, “contacting a cell” refers to a condition in which acompound or other composition of matter of the present disclosure is indirect contact with a cell, or is close enough to induce a desiredbiological effect in a cell.

In addition to treating or alleviating at least one symptom of one ormore proliferation disorders, the compounds of the present disclosurecan also treat or alleviate a variety of related disorders.

In particular, addition to treating or alleviating at least one symptomof one or more proliferation disorders, the compounds of the presentdisclosure can also treat or alleviate at least one metabolicdysfunction selected from the group consisting of excessive visceraladiposity, elevated leptin levels, depressed adiponectin levels, highleptin-to-adiponectin ratio, elevated fasting insulin levels, elevatedfasting insulin levels accompanied by chronic inflammation,hyperglycemia, elevated HbA1c, or combinations thereof. Preferably, themetabolic dysfunction that is treated or ameliorated is low adiponectin,elevated leptin, elevated fasting insulin, hyperglycemia or combinationsthereof.

In addition to treating or alleviating at least one symptom of one ormore proliferation disorders, the compounds of the present disclosurecan also treat or alleviate at least one symptom of obesity ortreatment-induced metabolic dysfunction.

In addition to treating or alleviating at least one symptom of one ormore proliferation disorders, the compounds of the present disclosurecan also decrease body weight. In certain aspects, the subject isoverweight or obese. In certain aspects, the subject is in need ofreducing excess adipose tissue. Preferably, the adipose tissue beingreduced is visceral adipose tissue or adipose tissue in close proximityto the tumor or metastases.

Obesity and being overweight refer to an excess of fat in a subject inproportion to lean body mass. Excess fat accumulation is associated withan increase in size (hypertrophy or steatosis) as well as number(hyperplasia) of adipose tissue cells. Obesity can be due to any cause,whether genetic (e.g. Prader-Willi Syndrome) or environmental. Obesityis variously measured in terms of absolute weight, weight:height ratio,degree of excess body fat, distribution of visceral or subcutaneous fat.A common measure of body fat is Body Mass Index (BMI). The BMI refers tothe ratio of body weight (expressed in kilograms) to the square ofheight (expressed in meters). Body mass index can be accuratelycalculated using the formulas: SI units: BMI=weight (kg)/(height² (m²),or US units: BMI=(weight (lb)*703)/(height² (in²).

As described herein, “overweight” refers to a condition whereby anotherwise healthy adult that has a BMI of 25 kg/m² to 29.9 kg/m². Asdescribed herein, “obese” or “obesity” refers to a condition whereby anotherwise healthy adult that has a BMI of 30 kg/m² or greater. Obesityhas several subcategories. An adult that has a BMI of 35 kg/m² orgreater is referred to as “severely obese” or “severe obesity”. An adultthat has a BMI of ≥40-44.9 kg/m² or and adult that has a BMI of 35 kg/m²or greater and at least one obesity-related health condition is referredto as “morbidly obese” or “morbid obesity”. An adult that has a BMI of45 kg/m² or greater is referred to as “super obese” or “super obesity”.For children, the definitions of overweight and obese take into accountage and gender effects on body fat.

Different countries can define obesity and overweight with differentBMI. The term “obesity” is meant to encompass definitions in allcountries. For example, the increased risks associated with obesityoccur at a lower Body Mass Index (BMI) in Asians. In Asian countries,including Japan, “obesity” refers to a condition whereby a subject withat least one obesity-induced or obesity-related co-morbidity, thatrequires weight reduction or that would be improved by weight reduction,has a BMI greater than or equal to 25.0 kg/m². Ethnic South and CentralAmericans tend to be categorized more closely to Asians than Europeansor North Americans.

BMI does not account for the fact that excess adipose tissue can occurselectively in different parts of the body, and development of adiposetissue can be more dangerous to health in some parts of the body ratherthan in other parts of the body. For example, “central obesity”,typically associated with an “apple-shaped” body, results from excessadiposity especially in the abdominal region, including belly fat andvisceral fat, and carries higher risk of co-morbidity than “peripheralobesity”, which is typically associated with a “pear-shaped” bodyresulting from excess adiposity especially on the hips. Measurement ofwaist/hip circumference ratio (WHR) can be used as an indicator ofcentral obesity. A minimum WHR indicative of central obesity has beenvariously set, and a centrally obese adult typically has a WHR of about0.85 or greater if female and about 0.9 or greater if male.

Methods of determining whether a subject is overweight or obese thataccount for the ratio of excess adipose tissue to lean body mass caninvolve obtaining a body composition of the subject. Body compositioncan be obtained by measuring the thickness of subcutaneous fat inmultiple places on the body, such as the abdominal area, the subscapularregion, arms, buttocks and thighs. These measurements are then used toestimate total body fat with a margin of error of approximately fourpercentage points. Another method is bioelectrical impedance analysis(BIA), which uses the resistance of electrical flow through the body toestimate body fat. Another method is using a large tank of water tomeasure body buoyancy. Increased body fat will result in greaterbuoyancy, while greater muscle mass will result in a tendency to sink.Another method is fan-beam dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). DEXAallows body composition, particularly total body fat and/or regional fatmass, to be determined non-invasively. MRI can also be used to determinecomposition non-invasively.

In another instance, the present invention may alleviate symptoms ofmetabolic dysfunction induced by a second or other treatment. In apreferred embodiment, the other agent is a PI3K, AKT or mTOR inhibitor.

In another instance, the subject can be pre-treated with a compound ofthe instant invention, by 1 hour, 4 hours, 1 day, about 1 week, about 2weeks, about 3 weeks, about 4 weeks, about 6 weeks, about 8 weeks.

In addition to treating or alleviating at least one symptom of one ormore proliferation disorders, the compounds of the present disclosurecan also decrease adipocytes or adipose tissue. Decreasing adipocytesmeans decreasing the number or decreasing the size (fat content) of theadipocytes. In certain aspects, the compounds of the present disclosureshrink the adipocytes in the subject. The adipose tissue can be whiteadipose tissue or brown adipose tissue.

In addition to treating or alleviating at least one symptom of one ormore proliferation disorders, the compounds of the present disclosurecan also decrease waist circumference. Waist circumference is assessedby using a tape measure placed around the abdomen 1 cm above the iliaccrest. The subjects of the present disclosure can have a decrease inwaist circumference from about 1 inch to about 20 inches (e.g., 1, 2, 3,4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19 or 20 inches).

In addition to treating or alleviating at least one symptom of one ormore proliferation disorders, the compounds of the present disclosurecan also decrease body fat and provide substantial maintenance of musclemass in said patient. In certain aspects, upon administration, fatoxidation is enhanced in a patient as compared to a patient on arestricted food intake diet alone. Such a patient can retainsubstantially more muscle mass as compared to body fat reduction in apatient using an energy restricted diet alone.

In addition to treating or alleviating at least one symptom of one ormore proliferation disorders, the compounds of the present disclosurecan also lower insulin levels, leptin levels or both in the subject. Incertain aspects, the subject is overweight or obese or has elevatedfasting insulin and/or leptin. In certain aspects, the subject is inneed of reducing excess adipose tissue.

In addition to treating or alleviating at least one symptom of one ormore proliferation disorders, the compounds of the present disclosurecan also improve surgical outcome comprising administering, prior tosurgery, at least one compound of the present disclosure in atherapeutically effective amount to the subject to improve surgicaloutcome. In certain aspects, administration reduces liver and/orabdominal fat in said patient and improves surgical outcome. In certainaspects, the surgery is non-acute surgery. Such surgeries can includebariatric surgery, cardiovascular surgery, abdominal surgery, ororthopedic surgery.

As used herein, “monotherapy” refers to the administration of a singleactive or therapeutic compound of the present disclosure to a subject inneed thereof. For example, administering a cancer monotherapy with oneof the compounds of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, analog or derivative thereof, to asubject in need of treatment of cancer. Monotherapy can be contrastedwith combination therapy, in which a combination of multiple activecompounds is administered, as described below. In one aspect,monotherapy with a compound of the present disclosure, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph orsolvate thereof, is more effective than combination therapy in inducinga desired biological effect.

As used herein, “combination therapy” or “co-therapy” includes theadministration of at least two compounds of the present disclosure, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs, metabolites, polymorphs orsolvates thereof, as part of a specific treatment regimen intended toprovide the beneficial effect from the co-action of these at least twocompounds of the present disclosure. The beneficial effect of thecombination includes, but is not limited to, pharmacokinetic orpharmacodynamic co-action resulting from the combination of these atleast two compounds of the present disclosure. Administration of theseat least two compounds of the present disclosure in combinationtypically is carried out over a defined time period (usually minutes,hours, days or weeks depending upon the combination selected).“Combination therapy” can be, but generally is not, intended toencompass the administration of two or more of these compounds of thepresent disclosure as part of separate monotherapy regimens thatincidentally and arbitrarily result in the combinations of the presentdisclosure.

“Combination therapy” also embraces the administration of the compoundsof the present disclosure in further combination with a second activeagent and/or non-drug therapy (e.g., exercise, diet, surgery orradiation treatment). Where the combination therapy further comprises anon-drug treatment, the non-drug treatment can be conducted at anysuitable time so long as a beneficial effect from the co-action of thecombination of the therapeutic agents and non-drug treatment isachieved. For example, in appropriate cases, the beneficial effect isstill achieved when the non-drug treatment is temporally removed fromthe administration of the therapeutic agents, perhaps by days or evenweeks. The second active agent can be conjugated to a polymer.

“Combination therapy” is intended to embrace administration of thesetherapeutic agents in a sequential manner, wherein each therapeuticagent is administered at a different time, as well as administration ofthese therapeutic agents, or at least two of the therapeutic agents, ina substantially simultaneous manner. Substantially simultaneous manneras used herein is administration of at least two therapeutic agentswithin 2 hours of each other. Substantially simultaneous administrationcan be accomplished, for example, by administering to the subject asingle composition having a fixed ratio of each therapeutic agent or inseparate capsules for each of the therapeutic agents. Sequential manneras used herein is administration of one of the at least two therapeuticagents more than two hours after the other of the at least twotherapeutic agents. Preferably, for sequential administration, one ofthe at least two therapeutic agents is administered at least 12 hours,at least 24 hours, at least 48 hours, at least 96 hours, at least oneweek, at least after two weeks, at least after 4 weeks, or at leastafter 8 weeks after administration of the other therapeutic agent.Sequential or substantially simultaneous administration of eachtherapeutic agent can be affected by any appropriate route including,but not limited to, oral routes, intravenous routes, subcutaneousroutes, intramuscular routes, and direct absorption through mucousmembrane tissues. The therapeutic agents can be administered by the sameroute or by different routes. For example, a first therapeutic agent ofthe combination selected can be administered by subcutaneous injectionwhile the other therapeutic agents of the combination can beadministered orally or intravenously. Alternatively, for example, alltherapeutic agents can be administered orally or all therapeutic agentscan be administered by subcutaneous injection. The sequence in which thetherapeutic agents are administered is not narrowly critical for someagents.

In a preferred aspect, the second active agent is a chemotherapeutic ortargeted agent. The additional chemotherapeutic or targeted agent (alsoreferred to as an anti-neoplastic agent or anti-proliferative agent) caninclude, in a preferred embodiment 5FU or its oral version capecitabine,or agents from the PI3K, AKT, mTOR drug classes.

In some aspects, the second active agent is a compound that inducesmetabolic dysfunction. In some aspects, the second active agent is aPI3K inhibitor, an AKT inhibitor, an mTOR inhibitor or a PI3K/AKT/mTORpathway inhibitor. In some aspects, the second active agent isalpelisib/BYL-719, AZD5363 (capavasertib), everolimus or any combinationthereof.

In some aspects, BYL-719 can be administered to the subject orally (peros, PO). In some aspects, BYL-719 can be administered once daily. Insome aspects, BYL-719 can be administered in an amount of 150 mg perday. In some aspects, BYL-719 can be administered in an amount of 200 mgper day. In some aspects, BYL-719 can be administered at 250 mg per day.In some aspects, BYL-719 can be administered in an amount of 300 mg perday.

The present disclosure provides a method for treating, or amelioratingat least one symptom of, cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering at least one therapeutically effective amount of at leastone MetAP2 inhibitor in combination with at least one therapeuticallyeffective amount of at least one PI3K inhibitor.

In some aspects of the methods of the present disclosure, an at leastone MetAP2 inhibitor can be ZGN-1061. ZGN-1061 has the followingstructure:

In some aspects of the methods of the present disclosure, an at leastone MetAP2 inhibitor can be Beloranib. Beloranib has the followingstructure:

In some aspects of the methods of the present disclosure, an at leastone PI3K inhibitor can be Serabelisib (TAK-117). Serabelisib (TAK-117)has the following structure:

In some aspects of the methods of the present disclosure, an at leastone PI3K inhibitor can be BYL-719. BYL-719 has the following structure:

In some aspects of the disclosure, a MetAP2 inhibitors can include, butare not limited to A832234, JNJ4929821, Triazolopyrimidine, A357300,LAF389, indazole, triazole fumagalone, ZGN-1061, CKD-732, XMT-1191,TNP-470, PPI-2458 or any combination therefore.

In some aspects of the disclosure, a MetAP2 inhibitor can have any ofthe following structures:

In another aspect of the disclosure, severity describes the degree towhich a tumor has secreted growth factors, degraded the extracellularmatrix, become vascularized, lost adhesion to juxtaposed tissues, ormetastasized. Moreover, severity describes the number of locations towhich a primary tumor has metastasized. Finally, severity includes thedifficulty of treating tumors of varying types and locations. In thesesituations, delaying the recurrence of the cancer, slowing theprogression of the cancer, prolonging the life expectancy of the subjectand/or reducing pain and/or improving quality of life, decreasing theproportion of cancerous cells or restricting cells to one system, andimproving cancer stage/tumor grade/histological grade/nuclear grade areconsidered alleviating a sign or symptom of the cancer.

As used herein the term “symptom” is defined as an indication ofdisease, illness, injury, chronic or acute discomfort, or that somethingis not right in the body. Symptoms are felt or noticed by the individualexperiencing the symptom, but may not easily be noticed by others.Others are defined as non-health-care professionals.

As used herein the term “sign” is also defined as an indication thatsomething is not right in the body. Signs are defined as things that canbe seen by a doctor, nurse, or other health care professional.

Cancer is a group of diseases that may cause almost any sign or symptom.The signs and symptoms will depend on where the cancer is, the size ofthe cancer, the stage of the cancer, and how much it affects the nearbyorgans or structures. If a cancer spreads (metastasizes), then signs orsymptoms may appear in different parts of the body.

As a cancer grows, it begins to push on nearby organs, blood vessels,and nerves. This pressure creates some of the signs and symptoms ofcancer. If the cancer is in a critical area, such as certain parts ofthe brain, even the smallest tumor can cause early symptoms that may bedifficult to detect.

Sometimes cancers start in places where it does not cause any symptomsuntil the cancer has grown quite large or progressed to an advancedstage. Pancreatic cancers, for example, do not usually grow large enoughto be felt from the outside of the body. Some pancreatic cancers do notcause symptoms until they begin to grow around nearby nerves (thiscauses a backache). Others grow around the bile duct, which blocks theflow of bile and leads to a yellowing of the skin known as jaundice. Bythe time a pancreatic cancer causes these signs or symptoms, it hasusually reached an advanced stage.

A cancer may also cause symptoms such as fever, fatigue, or unwantedweight loss. This may be because cancer cells induce a systemicpro-inflammatory state, or use up much of the body's energy supply orrelease substances that change the body's metabolism (e.g, thehyper-metabolic condition known as cachexia), or the cancer may causethe immune system to react in ways that produce these symptoms.

Sometimes, cancer cells release substances into the bloodstream thatcause symptoms not usually thought to result from cancers. For example,some cancers of the pancreas can release substances which cause bloodclots to develop in veins of the legs. Some lung cancers makehormone-like substances that affect blood calcium levels, affectingnerves and muscles and causing weakness and dizziness.

Cancer presents several general signs or symptoms that occur when avariety of subtypes of cancer cells are present. Most people with cancerwill lose weight at some time with their disease. An unexplained(unintentional) weight loss of 10 pounds or more may be the first signof cancer, particularly cancers of the pancreas, stomach, esophagus, orlung.

Fever is very common with cancer, but is more often seen in advanceddisease. Almost all patients with cancer will have fever at some time,especially if the cancer or its treatment affects the immune system andmakes it harder for the body to fight infection. Less often, fever maybe an early sign of cancer, such as with leukemia or lymphoma.

Fatigue may be an important symptom as cancer progresses. It may happenearly, though, in cancers such as with leukemia, or if the cancer iscausing an ongoing loss of blood, as in some colon or stomach cancers.

Pain may be an early symptom with some cancers such as bone cancers ortesticular cancer. But most often pain is a symptom of advanced disease.

Along with cancers of the skin, some internal cancers can cause skinsigns that can be seen. These changes include the skin looking darker(hyperpigmentation), yellow (jaundice), or red (erythema); itching; orexcessive hair growth.

Alternatively, or in addition, cancer subtypes present specific signs orsymptoms. Changes in bowel habits or bladder function could indicatecancer. Long-term constipation, diarrhea, or a change in the size of thestool may be a sign of colon cancer. Pain with urination, blood in theurine, or a change in bladder function (such as more frequent or lessfrequent urination) could be related to bladder or prostate cancer.

Changes in skin condition or appearance of a new skin condition couldindicate cancer. Skin cancers may bleed and look like sores that do notheal. A long-lasting sore in the mouth could be an oral cancer,especially in patients who smoke, chew tobacco, or frequently drinkalcohol. Sores on the penis or vagina may either be signs of infectionor an early cancer.

Unusual bleeding or discharge could indicate cancer. Unusual bleedingcan happen in either early or advanced cancer. Blood in the sputum(phlegm) may be a sign of lung cancer. Blood in the stool (or a dark orblack stool) could be a sign of colon or rectal cancer. Cancer of thecervix or the endometrium (lining of the uterus) can cause vaginalbleeding. Blood in the urine may be a sign of bladder or kidney cancer.A bloody discharge from the nipple may be a sign of breast cancer.

A thickening or lump in the breast or in other parts of the body couldindicate the presence of a cancer. Many cancers can be felt through theskin, mostly in the breast, testicle, lymph nodes (glands), and the softtissues of the body. A lump or thickening may be an early or late signof cancer. Any lump or thickening could be indicative of cancer,especially if the formation is new or has grown in size.

Indigestion or trouble swallowing could indicate cancer. While thesesymptoms commonly have other causes, indigestion or swallowing problemsmay be a sign of cancer of the esophagus, stomach, or pharynx (throat).

Recent changes in a wart or mole could be indicative of cancer. Anywart, mole, or freckle that changes in color, size, or shape, or losesits definite borders indicates the potential development of cancer. Forexample, the skin lesion may be a melanoma.

A persistent cough or hoarseness could be indicative of cancer. A coughthat does not go away may be a sign of lung cancer. Hoarseness can be asign of cancer of the larynx (voice box) or thyroid.

While the signs and symptoms listed above are the more common ones seenwith cancer, there are many others that are less common and are notlisted here. However, all art-recognized signs and symptoms of cancerare contemplated and encompassed by the instant disclosure.

Treating cancer can result in a slowing of its growth or a reduction insize of a tumor. A reduction in size of a tumor may also be referred toas “tumor regression”. Preferably, after treatment, tumor size isreduced by 5% or greater relative to its size prior to treatment; morepreferably, tumor size is reduced by 10% or greater; more preferably,reduced by 20% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 30% or greater;more preferably, reduced by 40% or greater; even more preferably,reduced by 50% or greater; and most preferably, reduced by greater than75% or greater. Size of a tumor may be measured by any reproduciblemeans of measurement. The size of a tumor may be measured as a diameterof the tumor.

Treating cancer can result in a reduction in tumor volume. Preferably,after treatment, tumor volume is reduced by 5% or greater relative toits size prior to treatment; more preferably, tumor volume is reduced by10% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 20% or greater; morepreferably, reduced by 30% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 40%or greater; even more preferably, reduced by 50% or greater; and mostpreferably, reduced by greater than 75% or greater. Tumor volume may bemeasured by any reproducible means of measurement.

Treating cancer results in a decrease in number of tumors. Preferably,after treatment, tumor number is reduced by 5% or greater relative tonumber prior to treatment; more preferably, tumor number is reduced by10% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 20% or greater; morepreferably, reduced by 30% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 40%or greater; even more preferably, reduced by 50% or greater; and mostpreferably, reduced by greater than 75%. Number of tumors may bemeasured by any reproducible means of measurement. The number of tumorsmay be measured by counting tumors visible to the naked eye or at aspecified magnification. Preferably, the specified magnification is 2×,3×, 4×, 5×, 10×, or 50×.

Treating cancer can result in a decrease in number of metastatic lesionsin other tissues or organs distant from the primary tumor site.Preferably, after treatment, the number of metastatic lesions is reducedby 5% or greater relative to number prior to treatment; more preferably,the number of metastatic lesions is reduced by 10% or greater; morepreferably, reduced by 20% or greater; more preferably, reduced by 30%or greater; more preferably, reduced by 40% or greater; even morepreferably, reduced by 50% or greater; and most preferably, reduced bygreater than 75%. The number of metastatic lesions may be measured byany reproducible means of measurement. The number of metastatic lesionsmay be measured by counting metastatic lesions visible to the naked eyeor at a specified magnification. Preferably, the specified magnificationis 2×, 3×, 4×, 5×, 10×, or 50×.

Treating cancer can result in an increase in average progression orsurvival time of a population of treated subjects in comparison to apopulation receiving carrier alone. Preferably, the average progressionor survival time is increased by more than 30 days; more preferably, bymore than 60 days; more preferably, by more than 90 days; and mostpreferably, by more than 120 days. An increase in average progression orsurvival time of a population may be measured by any reproducible means.An increase in average progression or survival time of a population maybe measured, for example, by calculating for a population the averagelength of progression or survival following initiation of treatment withan active compound. An increase in average progression or survival timeof a population may also be measured, for example, by calculating for apopulation the average length of survival following completion of afirst round of treatment with an active compound.

Treating cancer can result in an increase in average survival time of apopulation of treated subjects in comparison to a population ofuntreated subjects. Preferably, the average survival time is increasedby more than 30 days; more preferably, by more than 60 days; morepreferably, by more than 90 days; and most preferably, by more than 120days. An increase in average survival time of a population may bemeasured by any reproducible means. An increase in average survival timeof a population may be measured, for example, by calculating for apopulation the average length of survival following initiation oftreatment with an active compound. An increase in average survival timeof a population may also be measured, for example, by calculating for apopulation the average length of survival following completion of afirst round of treatment with an active compound.

Treating cancer can result in increase in average progression orsurvival time of a population of treated subjects in comparison to apopulation receiving monotherapy with a drug that is not a compound ofthe present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug,metabolite, analog or derivative thereof. Preferably, the averageprogression or survival time is increased by more than 30 days; morepreferably, by more than 60 days; more preferably, by more than 90 days;and most preferably, by more than 120 days. An increase in averageprogression or survival time of a population may be measured by anyreproducible means. An increase in average progression or survival timeof a population may be measured, for example, by calculating for apopulation the average length of progression or survival followinginitiation of treatment with an active compound. An increase in averageprogression or survival time of a population may also be measured, forexample, by calculating for a population the average length ofprogression or survival following completion of a first round oftreatment with an active compound.

Treating cancer can result in a decrease in the mortality rate of apopulation of treated subjects in comparison to a population receivingcarrier alone. Treating cancer can result in a decrease in the mortalityrate of a population of treated subjects in comparison to an untreatedpopulation. Treating cancer can result in a decrease in the mortalityrate of a population of treated subjects in comparison to a populationreceiving monotherapy with a drug that is not a compound of the presentdisclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite,analog or derivative thereof. Preferably, the mortality rate isdecreased by more than 2%; more preferably, by more than 5%; morepreferably, by more than 10%; and most preferably, by more than 25%. Adecrease in the mortality rate of a population of treated subjects maybe measured by any reproducible means. A decrease in the mortality rateof a population may be measured, for example, by calculating for apopulation the average number of disease-related deaths per unit timefollowing initiation of treatment with an active compound. A decrease inthe mortality rate of a population may also be measured, for example, bycalculating for a population the average number of disease-relateddeaths per unit time following completion of a first round of treatmentwith an active compound.

Treating cancer can result in a decrease in tumor growth rate.Preferably, after treatment, tumor growth rate is reduced by at least 5%relative to the rate prior to treatment; more preferably, tumor growthrate is reduced by at least 10%; more preferably, reduced by at least20%; more preferably, reduced by at least 30%; more preferably, reducedby at least 40%; more preferably, reduced by at least 50%; even morepreferably, reduced by at least 50%; and most preferably, reduced by atleast 75%. Tumor growth rate may be measured by any reproducible meansof measurement. Tumor growth rate can be measured according to a changein tumor diameter per unit time.

Treating cancer can result in a decrease in tumor regrowth, sometimesreferred to as progression-free survival. Preferably, after treatment,tumor regrowth is less than 5%; more preferably, tumor regrowth is lessthan 10%; more preferably, less than 20%; more preferably, less than30%; more preferably, less than 40%; more preferably, less than 50%;even more preferably, less than 50%; and most preferably, less than 75%.Tumor regrowth may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement.Tumor regrowth is measured, for example, by measuring an increase in thediameter of a tumor after a prior tumor shrinkage that followedtreatment. A decrease in tumor regrowth is indicated by failure oftumors to reoccur after treatment has stopped.

Treating or preventing a cell proliferative disorder can result in areduction in the rate of cellular proliferation. Preferably, aftertreatment, the rate of cellular proliferation is reduced by at least 5%;more preferably, by at least 10%; more preferably, by at least 20%; morepreferably, by at least 30%; more preferably, by at least 40%; morepreferably, by at least 50%; even more preferably, by at least 50%; andmost preferably, by at least 75%. The rate of cellular proliferation maybe measured by any reproducible means of measurement. The rate ofcellular proliferation is measured, for example, by measuring the numberof dividing cells in a tissue sample per unit time.

Treating or preventing a cell proliferative disorder can result in areduction in the proportion of proliferating cells. Preferably, aftertreatment, the proportion of proliferating cells is reduced by at least5%; more preferably, by at least 10%; more preferably, by at least 20%;more preferably, by at least 30%; more preferably, by at least 40%; morepreferably, by at least 50%; even more preferably, by at least 50%; andmost preferably, by at least 75%. The proportion of proliferating cellsmay be measured by any reproducible means of measurement. Preferably,the proportion of proliferating cells is measured, for example, byquantifying the number of dividing cells relative to the number ofnondividing cells in a tissue sample. The proportion of proliferatingcells can be equivalent to the mitotic index.

Treating or preventing a cell proliferative disorder can result in adecrease in size of an area or zone of cellular proliferation.Preferably, after treatment, size of an area or zone of cellularproliferation is reduced by at least 5% relative to its size prior totreatment; more preferably, reduced by at least 10%; more preferably,reduced by at least 20%; more preferably, reduced by at least 30%; morepreferably, reduced by at least 40%; more preferably, reduced by atleast 50%; even more preferably, reduced by at least 50%; and mostpreferably, reduced by at least 75%. Size of an area or zone of cellularproliferation may be measured by any reproducible means of measurement.The size of an area or zone of cellular proliferation may be measured asa diameter or width of an area or zone of cellular proliferation.

Treating or preventing a cell proliferative disorder can result in adecrease in the number or proportion of cells having an abnormalappearance or morphology. Preferably, after treatment, the number ofcells having an abnormal morphology is reduced by at least 5% relativeto its size prior to treatment; more preferably, reduced by at least10%; more preferably, reduced by at least 20%; more preferably, reducedby at least 30%; more preferably, reduced by at least 40%; morepreferably, reduced by at least 50%; even more preferably, reduced by atleast 50%; and most preferably, reduced by at least 75%. An abnormalcellular appearance or morphology may be measured by any reproduciblemeans of measurement. An abnormal cellular morphology can be measured bymicroscopy, e.g., using an inverted tissue culture microscope. Anabnormal cellular morphology can take the form of nuclear pleiomorphism.

Treating cancer or a cell proliferative disorder can result in celldeath, and preferably, cell death results in a decrease of at least 10%in number of cells in a population. More preferably, cell death means adecrease of at least 20%; more preferably, a decrease of at least 30%;more preferably, a decrease of at least 40%; more preferably, a decreaseof at least 50%; most preferably, a decrease of at least 75%. Number ofcells in a population may be measured by any reproducible means. Anumber of cells in a population can be measured by fluorescenceactivated cell sorting (FACS), immunofluorescence microscopy and lightmicroscopy. Methods of measuring cell death are as shown in Li et al.,Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 100(5): 2674-8, 2003. In an aspect, cell deathoccurs by apoptosis.

Preferably, an effective amount of a compound of the present disclosure,or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph orsolvate thereof, is not significantly cytotoxic to normal cells. Atherapeutically effective amount of a compound is not significantlycytotoxic to normal cells if administration of the compound in atherapeutically effective amount does not induce cell death in greaterthan 10% of normal cells. A therapeutically effective amount of acompound does not significantly affect the viability of normal cells ifadministration of the compound in a therapeutically effective amountdoes not induce cell death in greater than 10% of normal cells.

Contacting a cell with a compound of the present disclosure, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph orsolvate thereof, can induce or activate cell death selectively in cancercells. Administering to a subject in need thereof a compound of thepresent disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug,metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, can induce or activate celldeath (apoptosis) selectively in cancer cells. Contacting a cell with acompound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, can induce celldeath selectively in one or more cells affected by a cell proliferativedisorder. Preferably, administering to a subject in need thereof acompound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, induces celldeath selectively in one or more cells affected by a cell proliferativedisorder.

The present disclosure relates to a method of treating or preventingcancer by administering a compound of the present disclosure, or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph orsolvate thereof, to a subject in need thereof, where administration ofthe compound of the present disclosure, or a pharmaceutically acceptablesalt, prodrug, metabolite, polymorph or solvate thereof, results in oneor more of the following: accumulation of cells in G1 and/or S phase ofthe cell cycle, cytotoxicity via cell death in cancer cells without asignificant amount of cell death in normal cells, antitumor activity inanimals with a therapeutic index of at least 2, and activation of a cellcycle checkpoint. As used herein, “therapeutic index” is the maximumtolerated dose divided by the efficacious dose.

A “therapeutically effective amount” of a compound, with respect to usein treatment, refers to an amount of a compound in a preparation which,when administered as part of a desired dosage regimen (to a mammal,preferably a human) alleviates a symptom, ameliorates a condition, orslows or prevents the onset of disease conditions according toclinically acceptable standards for the disorder or condition to betreated or the cosmetic purpose, e.g., at a reasonable benefit/riskratio applicable to any medical treatment. A “therapeutically effectiveamount” is synonymous with “efficacious dose”.

As used herein, an “effective dosage” or “effective amount” of drug,compound, or pharmaceutical composition is an amount sufficient toeffect beneficial or desired clinical results. For prophylactic use,beneficial or desired results include results such as eliminating orreducing the risk, lessening the severity, or delaying the outset of thedisease, including biochemical, histological and/or behavioral symptomsof the disease, its complications and intermediate pathologicalphenotypes presenting during development of the disease. For therapeuticuse, beneficial or desired results include clinical results such asreducing intensity, duration, or frequency of attack of the disease, anddecreasing one or more symptoms resulting from the disease (biochemical,histological and/or behavioral), including its complications andintermediate pathological phenotypes presenting during development ofthe disease, increasing the quality of life of those suffering from thedisease, decreasing the dose of other medications required to treat thedisease, enhancing effect of another medication, and/or delaying theprogression of the disease of patients. An effective dosage can beadministered in one or more administrations. For purposes of thisdisclosure, an effective dosage of drug, compound, or pharmaceuticalcomposition is an amount sufficient to accomplish prophylactic ortherapeutic treatment either directly or indirectly. As is understood inthe clinical context, an effective dosage of a drug, compound, orpharmaceutical composition may or may not be achieved in conjunctionwith another drug, compound, or pharmaceutical composition. Thus, an“effective dosage” may be considered in the context of administering oneor more therapeutic agents, and a single agent may be considered to begiven in an effective amount if, in conjunction with one or more otheragents, a desirable result may be or is achieved. For example, aneffective amount of a compound of the present disclosure for treating aproliferation disorder is an amount sufficient to treat or ameliorateone or more symptoms associated with the proliferation disorder. An“effective amount” is an amount sufficient to result in one or more ofthe following (which can also correspond to various aspects of thedisclosure): reducing tumor size, reducing tumor volume, reducing tumornumber, decrease in metastatic lesions, increase in survival time,decrease in mortality rate, decrease in tumor growth rate, decrease intumor regrowth, reduction in proportion of proliferating cells, orincreasing the quality of life of those suffering from a proliferationdisorder.

For any compound, the therapeutically effective amount can be estimatedinitially either in cell culture assays, e.g., of neoplastic cells, orin animal models, usually rats, mice, rabbits, dogs, or pigs. The animalmodel may also be used to determine the appropriate concentration rangeand route of administration. Such information can then be used todetermine useful doses and routes for administration in humans.Therapeutic/prophylactic efficacy and toxicity may be determined bystandard pharmaceutical procedures in cell cultures or experimentalanimals, e.g., ED₅₀ (the dose therapeutically effective in 50% of thepopulation) and LD₅₀ (the dose lethal to 50% of the population). Thedose ratio between toxic and therapeutic effects is the therapeuticindex, and it can be expressed as the ratio, LD₅₀/ED₅₀. Pharmaceuticalcompositions that exhibit large therapeutic indices are preferred. Thedosage may vary within this range depending upon the dosage formemployed, sensitivity of the patient, and the route of administration.

Dosage and administration are adjusted to provide sufficient levels ofthe active agent(s) or to maintain the desired effect. In providing asubject with one or more of the compounds described herein, the dosageof administered compound(s) will vary depending upon such factors as thesubject's age, weight, height, sex, general medical condition, previousmedical history, disease progression, route of administration,formulation and the like.

In another aspect, provided herein are effective dosages of a compoundof the present disclosure. For example, provided here are methods thatinclude administering doses of a compound of the present disclosure thatare effective for tumor reduction. For example, contemplated dosage of acompound of the present disclosure in the methods described herein mayinclude administering a dose independent of body weight of about 200mg/day, about 80 mg/day, about 40 mg/day, about 20 mg/day, about 10mg/day, about 5 mg/day, about 3 mg/day, about 2 mg/day, about 1 mg/day,about 0.5 mg/day, about 0.2 mg/day, about 0.05 mg/day, about 0.01mg/day, or about 0.001 mg/day.

An effective amount of the drug for amelioration of metabolicdysfunction, improvements in tumor biomarkers, and/or tumor reduction ina patient may also be dosed based on body weight or surface area and beabout 0.0001 mg/kg to about 5 mg/kg of body weight per day. For example,a contemplated dosage may be from about 0.001 to 5 mg/kg of body weightper day, about 0.001 mg/kg to 2 mg/kg of body weight per day, about0.001 mg/kg to 0.1 mg/kg of body weight per day, about 0.001 to about0.010 mg/kg of body weight a day or about 0.007 mg/kg of body weight aday in single, divided, or continuous doses. These doses may be adjustedfor the patient's weight in kg, body surface area in m², and age inyears. For example, a contemplated dosage may be about 1 mg/m² to about100 mg/m², about 5 mg/m² to about 25 mg/m², about 5 mg/m² to about 100mg/m², about 5 mg/m² to about 15 mg/m², or about 5 mg/m² to about 10mg/m².

An effective amount of a pharmaceutical agent is that which provides anobjectively identifiable improvement in a biomarker or in the tumor asnoted by the clinician or other qualified observer. For example, delayof progression or regression of a tumor in a patient may be measuredwith reference to the diameter of a tumor. Decrease in the diameter of atumor indicates regression. Regression is also indicated by failure oftumors to reoccur after treatment has stopped. As used herein, the term“dosage effective manner” refers to amount of an active compound toproduce the desired biological effect in a subject or cell.

The dosage regimen utilizing the compounds is selected in accordancewith a variety of factors including type, species, age, weight, sex andmedical condition of the patient; the severity of the condition to betreated; the route of administration; the renal and hepatic function ofthe patient; and the particular compound or salt thereof employed. Anordinarily skilled physician or veterinarian can readily determine andprescribe the effective amount of the drug required to prevent, counteror arrest the progress of the condition.

Administration of a compound of the present disclosure in accordancewith the method in the present disclosure can be continuous orintermittent, depending, for example, upon the recipient's physiologicalcondition, whether the purpose of the administration is therapeutic orprophylactic, and other factors known to skilled practitioners. Theadministration of a compound of the present disclosure may beessentially continuous over a preselected period of time or may be in aseries of spaced doses.

For repeated administrations over several hours or longer, depending onthe condition, the treatment is sustained until a desired suppression ofdisease symptoms occurs or until sufficient therapeutic levels areachieved. For example, dosing from one to five times a week iscontemplated. Other dosing regimens include a regimen of every three tofour days, or less frequently. In certain aspects, a compound of thepresent disclosure is administered about every fourth day, about everyseventh day, about ever tenth day or about every fourteenth day. In someaspects, a compound of the present disclosure is administered about onceper week, once every two weeks, or about 1 to 4 times per monthdepending on the duration of the response to drug administration.Intermittent dosing regimen with staggered dosages spaced by 2 days upto 7 days or even 14 days may be used. In some aspects, treatment maystart with a daily dosing and later change to weekly even monthlydosing. The progress of this therapy is easily monitored by conventionaltechniques and assays, or by measuring standard clinical chemistries.

Frequency of administration may be determined and adjusted over thecourse of therapy. For example, frequency of administration may bedetermined or adjusted based on the type and severity of the disease tobe treated, whether the agent is administered for preventive ortherapeutic purposes, previous therapy, the patient's clinical historyand response to the agent, and the discretion of the attendingphysician. Typically, the clinician will administer a compound of thepresent disclosure until a dosage is reached that achieves the desiredresult.

Treatment can be continued for as long or as short a period as desired.A suitable treatment period can be, for example, at least about oneweek, at least about four weeks, at least about one month, at leastabout six months, at least about 1 year, at least about 2 years, orindefinitely. A treatment period, either monotherapy or in combinationwith another agent, can terminate when a desired result, for exampletumor reduction target, is achieved. For example, when loss of about 5%tumor size, about 10% tumor size, about 20% tumor size, about 30% tumorsize or more has been achieved. A treatment regimen can include acorrective phase, during which a compound of the present disclosure isadministered in dose, or dosing frequency, sufficient to providereduction of tumor size, delay in tumor growth, or reduction in rate oftumor growth is administered, followed by a maintenance phase, duringwhich a lower compound dose, or decreased dosing frequency, sufficientto prevent or delay tumor regrowth is administered.

Compounds and Pharmaceutical Compositions of the Present Disclosure

In certain aspects, modifications to the active moiety are accomplishedby using a linker having a structure such that upon cleavage, a fragmentof the linker remains attached to the active moiety. That fragment maychange any of the molecular weight, hydrophobicity, polar surface area,or charge of the active moiety, thereby producing a modified activemoiety having reduced efflux from a target cell compared to theunmodified active moiety. For example, coupling MetAP2 inhibitory activemoieties via the linkers described herein provide conjugates in whichupon cleavage of the linker, produce an active moiety having a fragmentof the linker attached thereto (modified active moiety). The modifiedactive moieties described herein may have reduced efflux from a cellcompared to the unmodified active moieties, resulting in modified activemoieties with superior efficacy to the parent small molecules andsuperior efficacy to the parent small molecules and superiorpharmacokinetic profiles.

The present disclosure provides conjugates with linkers having thestructure:

wherein, independently for each occurrence, R₄ is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₅is H or C₁-C₆ alkyl; R₆ is C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L or—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine, alanine,or H₂N(CH₂)mCO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; AA₂ is a bond, or alanine,cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine,histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline,glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine;AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid,phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, or glycine, valine, tyrosine, tryptophan, phenylalanine,methionine, leucine, isoleucine, or asparagine; AA₆ is a bond, oralanine, asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine,methionine, phenylalanine, serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine,valine, or H₂N(CH₂)mCO₂H, wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; L is —OH,—O-succinimide, —O-sulfosuccinimide, alkoxy, aryloxy, acyloxy, aroyloxy,alkoxycarbonyloxy, aryloxycarbonyloxy, —NH₂, —NH(C₂-C₆ hydroxyalkyl),halide or perfluoroalkyloxy; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety or alkyl; x is in the range of 1 to about 450; yis in the range of 1 to about 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; pis 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; and r is 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. In some aspects,n is in the range of about 1 to about 90; about 1 to about 80; about 1to about 70; about 1 to about 60; about 1 to about 55; or about 1 toabout 50.

In certain aspects, R₄ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In certain aspects, R₄ is methyl.In certain aspects, R₅ is C₁-C₆ alkyl. In certain aspects, R₅ is methyl.In certain aspects, R₆ is 2-hydroxyethyl, 2-hydroxypropyl or3-hydroxypropyl. In certain aspects, R₆ is 2-hydroxypropyl.

In certain aspects, the compound has a molecular weight of greater thanabout 100 kDa. In certain aspects, the compound has a molecular weightof less than about 100 kDa. In other aspects, the molecular weight isless than about 95 kDa. In other aspects, the molecular weight is lessthan about 90 kDa. In other aspects, the molecular weight is less thanabout 80 kDa. In other aspects, the molecular weight is less than about70 kDa. In other aspects, the molecular weight is less than about 65kDa. In other aspects, the molecular weight is less than about 60 kDa.In other aspects, the molecular weight is less than about 45 kDa. Inother aspects, the molecular weight is less than about 35 kDa.

In certain aspects, the ratio of x to y is in the range of about 100:1to about 1:1. In certain aspects, the ratio of x to y is in the range ofabout 30:1 to about 3:1. In other aspects, the ratio of x to y is in therange of about 19:2 to about 7:2. In certain aspects, the ratio of x toy is in the range of about 9:1 to about 4:1. In certain aspects, theratio of x to y is about 11:1. In certain aspects, the ratio of x to yis about 9:1. In certain aspects, the ratio of x to y is about 4:1. Incertain aspects, the ratio of x to y is about 12:1. For example, incertain aspects, the ratio of x:y is about 3:1; the ratio of x:y isabout 4:1; the ratio of x:y is about 5:1; the ratio of x:y is about 6:1;the ratio of x:y is about 7:1; the ratio of x:y is about 8:1; the ratioof x:y is about 9:1; the ratio of x:y is about 10:1; the ratio of x:y isabout 11:1; the ratio of x:y is about 12:1; the ratio of x:y is about13:1; the ratio of x:y is about 14:1; the ratio of x:y is about 15:1;the ratio of x:y is about 16:1; the ratio of x:y is about 17:1; theratio of x:y is about 18:1; the ratio of x:y is about 19:1; the ratio ofx:y is about 20:1; the ratio of x:y is about 21:1; the ratio of x:y isabout 22:1; the ratio of x:y is about 23:1; the ratio of x:y is about24:1; the ratio of x:y is about 25:1; the ratio of x:y is about 26:1;the ratio of x:y is about 27:1; the ratio of x:y is about 28:1; theratio of x:y is about 29:1; or the ratio of x:y is about 30:1.

In certain aspects, Z is —NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-L. In certainaspects, L is methoxy, ethoxy, pentafluorophenyloxy, phenyloxy, acetoxy,fluoride, chloride, methoxycarbonyloxy; ethoxycarbonyloxy,phenyloxycarbonyloxy, 4-nitrophenyloxy, trifluoromethoxy,pentafluoroethoxy, or trifluoroethoxy. In certain aspects, L is4-nitrophenyloxy.

In certain aspects, Z is —NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W.In certain aspects, AA₁ is glycine. In certain aspects, AA₂ is glycine.In certain aspects, AA₃ is glycine. In certain aspects, AA₄ is glycineor phenylalanine. In certain aspects, AA₅ is leucine, phenylalanine,valine or tyrosine. In certain aspects, AA₆ is asparagine, citrulline,glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine, threonine or tyrosine. Incertain aspects, AA₅-AA₆ is Leu-Cit, Leu-Gln, Leu-Gly, Leu-Leu, Leu-Met,Leu-Thr, Phe-Cit, Phe-Gln, Phe-Leu, Phe-Met, Phe-Thr, Val-Asn, Val-Cit,Val-Gln, Val-Leu, Val-Met, Val-Thr, Tyr-Cit, Tyr-Leu, or Tyr-Met. Incertain aspects, AA₁, AA₃ and AA₅ are glycine, valine, tyrosine,tryptophan, phenylalanine, methionine, leucine, isoleucine, orasparagine. In certain aspects, AA₂, AA₄ and AA₆ are glycine,asparagine, citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine, threonine or tyrosine. In certain aspects, AA₂ is a bond;and AA₃ is a bond. In certain aspects, AA₁ is glycine; AA₄ isphenylalanine; AA₅ is leucine; and AA₆ is glycine.

In certain aspects, W is

wherein R₂ is —OH or methoxy; and R₃ is H, —OH or methoxy.

In certain aspects, W is

In certain aspects, W is

In certain aspects, Q is NR. In other aspects, Q is S.

In certain aspects, J is NR. In other aspects, J is ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r). Inother aspects, J is C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl. In certain aspects, J is aryl.

In certain aspects, Y is NR. In other aspects, Y is S.

In certain aspects, -Q-X—Y— is

V is:

or a bond; R¹² is H or Me; or R¹² taken together with R¹⁴ forms apiperidine ring; R¹¹ is H or Me; and R¹³ taken together with R¹² forms apiperidine ring.

In certain aspects, -Q-X—Y— is

In certain aspects, -Q-X—Y— is

In certain aspects, -Q-X—Y— is

In certain aspects, -QXY is

In certain aspects, -Q-X—Y— is

In certain aspects, -Q-X—Y— is

In certain aspects, R₄ and R₅ are methyl; R₆ is 2-hydroxypropyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine; AA₂ is abond; AA₃ is a bond; AA₄ is phenylalanine; AA₅ is leucine; AA₆ isglycine; -Q-X—Y— is

and W is

In certain aspects, R₄ and R₅ are methyl; R₆ is 2-hydroxypropyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine; AA₂ is abond; AA₃ is a bond; AA₄ is phenylalanine; AA₅ is leucine; AA₆ isglycine; -Q-X—Y— is

and W is

In certain aspects, R₄ and R₅ are methyl; R₆ is 2-hydroxypropyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine; AA₂ is abond; AA₃ is a bond; AA₄ is phenylalanine; AA₅ is leucine; AA₆ isglycine; -Q-X—Y— is

and W is

In certain aspects, R₄ and R₅ are methyl; R₆ is 2-hydroxypropyl; Z is—NH-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; AA₁ is glycine; AA₂ is abond; AA₃ is a bond; AA₄ is phenylalanine; AA₅ is leucine; AA₆ isglycine; -Q-X—Y— is

and W is

In certain aspects, -Q-X—Y— is a self-immolating linker that releasesthe MetAP2 inhibitor in the form of a carbamate derivative, as shown inthe scheme below:

Another aspect of the present disclosure provides conjugates withlinkers having the structure: Z-Q-X—Y—C(O)—W; wherein, independently foreach occurrence, Z is H₂N-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)— or H; AA₂ is a bond,or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine,glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine,proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, ortyrosine; AA₃ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine, aspartic acid, glutamicacid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, lysine, leucine,methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine, arginine, serine, threonine,valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₄ is a bond, or alanine, cysteine,aspartic acid, glutamic acid, phenylalanine, glycine, histidine,isoleucine, lysine, leucine, methionine, asparagine, proline, glutamine,arginine, serine, threonine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine; AA₅ is abond, alanine, cysteine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, or; AA₆ is alanine, asparagine,citrulline, glutamine, glycine, leucine, methionine, phenylalanine,serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, valine or H₂N(CH₂)mCO₂H,wherein m is 2, 3, 4 or 5; Q is NR, O, or S; X isM-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-J-M-(C(R)₂)_(p)-M-V; M is a bond, or C(O); J is a bond,or ((CH₂)_(q)Q)_(r), C₅-C₈ cycloalkyl, aryl, heteroaryl, NR, O, or S; Yis NR, O, or S; R is H or alkyl; V is a bond or

R⁹ is alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, or a bond; or R⁹ taken together with Y formsa heterocyclic ring; R¹⁰ is amido or a bond; R¹¹ is H or alkyl; W is aMetAP2 inhibitor moiety; p is 0 to 20; q is 2 or 3; and r is 1, 2, 3, 4,5, or 6.

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—. In certain aspects, AA₅ isalanine, cysteine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine and AA₆ is glycine. Incertain aspects, AA₅ is leucine and AA₆ is glycine. In certain aspects,AA₅ is valine and AA₆ is glycine. In certain aspects, AA₅ isphenylalanine and AA₆ is glycine. In certain aspects, AA₅ is glycine andAA₆ is glycine. In certain aspects, AA₅ is not valine.

In other aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—. In certain aspects,AA₅ is alanine, cysteine, glycine, isoleucine, leucine, methionine,phenylalanine, valine, tryptophan, or tyrosine and each of AA₃, AA₄, orAA₆ is glycine. In certain aspects, AA₅ is leucine and each of AA₃, AA₄,or AA₆ is glycine. In certain aspects, AA₅ is valine and each of AA₃,AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine. In certain aspects, AA₅ is phenylalanine andeach of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine. In certain aspects, AA₃ is glycine,AA₄ is phenylalanine, AA₅ is leucine and AA₆ is glycine. In certainaspects, each of AA₃, AA₄, AA₅ and AA₆ is glycine. In certain aspects,AA₅ is not valine.

In certain aspects, Z is H. In other aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₆-C(O)—. Incertain aspects, AA₆ is glycine.

In certain aspects, Q is NR. In certain aspects, M is a bond. In certainaspects, J is a bond. In certain aspects, Y is NR.

In certain aspects, W is:

wherein R₂ is —OH or methoxy; and R₃ is H, —OH or methoxy.

In certain aspects, W is

In certain aspects, W is

In certain aspects, -Q-X—Y— is

V is:

or a bond; R¹² is H or Me; or R¹² taken together with R¹⁴ forms apiperidine ring; R¹¹ is H or Me; and R¹³ taken together with R¹² forms apiperidine ring.

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is leucine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is valine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is phenylalanine and AA₆is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is glycine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is leucine andeach of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is valine andeach of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is phenylalanineand each of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₃ is glycine, AA₄is phenylalanine, AA₅ is leucine and AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; each of AA₃, AA₄,AA₅ and AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is leucine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is valine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is phenylalanine and AA₆is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is glycine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is leucine andeach of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is valine andeach of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is phenylalanineand each of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₃ is glycine, AA₄is phenylalanine, AA₅ is leucine and AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; each of AA₃, AA₄,AA₅ and AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is leucine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is valine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is phenylalanine and AA₆is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is glycine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is leucine andeach of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is valine andeach of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is phenylalanineand each of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₃ is glycine, AA₄is phenylalanine, AA₅ is leucine and AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; each of AA₃, AA₄,AA₅ and AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is leucine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is valine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is phenylalanine and AA₆is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is glycine and AA₆ isglycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is leucine andeach of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is valine andeach of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₅ is phenylalanineand each of AA₃, AA₄, or AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₃ is glycine, AA₄is phenylalanine, AA₅ is leucine and AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-C(O)—; each of AA₃, AA₄,AA₅ and AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H₂N-AA₆-C(O)—; AA₆ is glycine; Q-X—Y is

and W is

In certain aspects, Z is H; Q-X—Y is

and W is

Other active moieties that may be modified to be used in conjugates ofthe disclosure include the following structures:

In certain aspects, the active moiety is an anti-tumor compound. Inother aspects, the active moiety is a molecule that inhibits methionineaminopeptidase-2 (MetAP2), such as fumagillin, fumagillol, or an analog,derivative, salt or ester thereof. MetAP2 is a co-translational enzymeresponsible for cleaving the initiator methionine off nascentpolypeptides. It has several exclusive substrates that tend to beup-regulated under conditions of cellular stress, hypoxia and when cellsare dividing. Fumagillin is a natural product derived from the biomassof the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus Fresenius. Fumagillin and itsanalogs and derivatives are known to inhibit the aminopeptidase activityof MetAP2. Further exemplary MetAP2 inhibitors have been described inU.S. Pat. No. 6,242,494 to Craig et al, U.S. Pat. No. 6,063,812 to Honget al., U.S. Pat. No. 6,887,863 to Craig et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,030,262to BaMaung et al., U.S. Pat. No. 7,491,718 to Comess et al., and patentapplication WO2017027684, each of which is incorporated by reference inits entirety. Additional exemplary MetAP2 inhibitors have been describedin Wang et al. “Correlation of tumor growth suppression and methionineaminopeptidase-2 activity blockade using an orally active inhibitor,”PNAS 105(6) 1838-1843 (2008); Lee at al. “Design, Synthesis, andAntiangiogenic Effects of a Series of Potent Novel FumagillinAnalogues,” Chem. Pharm. Bull. 55(7) 1024-1029 (2007); Jeong et al.“Total synthesis and antiangiogenic activity of cyclopentane analoguesof fumagillol,” Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry Letters 15, 3580-3583(2005); Arico-Muendel et al. “Carbamate Analogues of Fumagillin asPotent, Targeted Inhibitors of Methionine Aminopeptidase-2,” J. Med.Chem. 52, 8047-8056 (2009); and International Publication No. WO2010/003475 to Heinrich et al.

Fumagillin is a small molecule which has been used as an antimicrobialand antiprotozoal agent. Its physiochemical properties and method ofproduction are well known (See U.S. Pat. No. 2,803,586 and Turner, J. R.et al., The Stereochemistry of Fumagillin, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 48,733-735 (1962)). The fermentation product, fumagillin, may be hydrolyzedto yield the alcohol fumagillol which in turn may be converted intovarious derivatives including carbamoylfumagillol, MW 325. The synthesisand preparation of carbamoylfumagillol and some small moleculederivatives are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,172.

Fumagillin and related compounds are believed to exert their biologicaleffects through the inhibition of MetAP2. This enzyme removes N-terminalmethionine from nascent cellular proteins. (See Tucker, L. A., et al.“Ectopic Expression of Methionine Aminopeptidase-2 Causes CellTransformation and Stimulates Proliferation”, Oncogene 27, 3967 (2008).)

Carbamoylfumagillol and derivatives as well as other inhibitors ofMetAP2 have shown therapeutic benefits in preclinical and clinicalstudies. These compounds inhibit cell proliferation and angiogenesis asdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,166,172. Fumagillin analogs or derivatives,such as CKD-732 and PPI-2458, are well studied in various systems asdescribed in detail in Bernier et al., “Fumagillin class inhibitors ofmethionine aminopeptidase-2” Drugs of the Future 30(5): 497-508, 2005.

The anti-obesity effects of fumagillin and its analogs are well-known.Rupnick et al. “Adipose tissue mass can be regulated through thevasculature” PNAS 99, 10730-10735, 2002 describes weight loss in ob/obmice with daily doses of TNP-470 ranging from 2.5 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg.Brakenhielm describes prevention of obesity at TNP-470 doses of 15 or 20mg/kg every other day, “The Angiogenesis Inhibitor, TNP-470, PreventsDiet-Induced and Genetic Obesity in Mice” Circulation Research 94:1579-1588, 2004. Kim, et al., in the “Assessment of the anti-obesityeffects of the TNP-470 analog, CKD-732” J Molecular Endocrinology 38,455-465, 2007 describe weight loss in C57BL/6J mice and SD rats at dosesof 5 mg/kg/day. Lijnen et al. “Fumagillin reduces adipose tissueformation in murine models of nutritionally induced obesity” Hughes etal., (Obesity 12, 2241-2246, 2010) describes oral delivery of 1 mg/kgfumagillin daily resulting in weight loss in C57BL/6 mice.

One of these derivatives, chloroacetylcarbamoylfumagillol (TNP-470) hasbeen extensively studied. (See H. Mann-Steinberg, et al., “TNP-470: TheResurrection of the First Synthetic Angiogenesis Inhibitor”, Chapter 35in Folkman and Figg, Angiogenesis: An Integrative Approach from Scienceto Medicine, Springer NY (2008).) TNP-470 has shown activity againstmany cancers including lung cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer,breast cancer and colon cancer. Because of dose-limiting neurotoxicity,TNP-470 has been tested using multiple dosing regimens, but theseattempts to limit its toxicity have been unsuccessful. Thus, TNP-470 hasbeen found to be too toxic for human use. TNP-470 has a short half-lifeand requires extended intravenous administration for therapeutic use. Ametabolite of TNP-470, carbamoylfumagillol has a half-life of 12 minutesin man. (See Herbst et al., “Safety and Pharmacokinetic Effects ofTNP-470, an Angiogenesis Inhibitor, Combined with Paclitaxel in Patientswith Solid Tumors: Evidence for Activity in Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer”,Journal of Clinical Oncology 20(22) 4440-4447 (2002). In addition,fumagillin and its derivatives are hydrophobic and difficult toformulate.

Despite the known usefulness of fumagillin derivatives, they have notbeen used successfully as treatments because of the failure to overcomethe problems of the low water solubility, short half-life values, andneurotoxic side-effects of these compounds. TNP-470 in combination withpaclitaxel was determined to have an MTD of 60 mg/m2 dosed three timesper week based on the previously observed dose limiting neuropsychiatrictoxicities Herbst et al., “Safety and pharmacokinetic effects ofTNP-470, an angiogenesis inhibitor, combined with paclitaxel in patientswith solid tumors: evidence for activity in non-small-cell lung Cancer”Journal of Clinical Oncology 20, 4440-4447, 2002. Similarly Shin et al.“A Phase 1 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics study of CKD-732, anantiangiogenic agent, in patients with refractory solid cancer”Investigational New Drugs 28, 650-658, 2010 reports that the MTD ofCKD-732 was 15 mg/m2/day dosed on an every fourth day schedule due toconfusion and insomnia. Accordingly, the compounds of the presentdisclosure are more potent, show reduced toxicity (less neurotoxic),improved water solubility, more stable, and/or have longer half-life(serum half-life) than presently known fumagillin derivatives.

The phrase “reduced toxicity” as used herein has its ordinary meaning asunderstood by persons of skill in the art. Merely by way of example, andby no means as a limitation on the meaning of the term, theadministration of the fumagillin analog conjugate causes less sideeffects in open field tests with mice, as compared to the fumagillinanalog alone.

The phrase “improved water solubility” has its ordinary meaning asunderstood by persons of skill in the art. Merely by way of example, andby no means as a limitation on the meaning of the term, the followingdescription of the term is informative: an increased amount of afumagillin analog will dissolve in water as a result of its covalentincorporation into a conjugate as compared to the amount of theunconjugated fumagillin analog that will dissolve in water alone.

The phrase “longer half-life” has its ordinary meaning as understood bypersons of skill in the art. Merely by way of example, and by no meansas a limitation on the meaning of the term, the following description ofthe term is informative: any appreciable increase in the length of timerequired to deactivate fumagillin conjugate either in vivo or in vitroas compared to the half-life of the fumagillin analog alone either invivo or in vitro.

Without being bound by any theory, non-enzymatic actions of MetAP2 tosuppress activity of extra-cellular signal regulated kinases 1 and 2(ERK1/2) may be important as may be the binding of eukaryotic initiationfactor, eIF, by MetAP2. Cellular responses to MetAP2 inhibitionreflective of potential ERK-related processes may include suppression ofsterol regulatory element binding protein (SREBP) activity, leading toreduced lipid and cholesterol biosynthesis. Interestingly, changes inthe expression patterns of hepatic and adipose tissue genes afterprolonged (approximately 9 months) fumagillin exposure suggest thatMetAP2 inhibition also may alter the relative abundance of factorsinvolved in inflammation, consistent with reduced ERK-dependent cellularprocesses. The putative mechanism of MetAP2 inhibition leading tomobilization of adipose depot and catabolism of free fatty acids asenergy source by the body is supported by changes in plasma□-hydroxybutyrate, adiponectin, leptin, and FGF21 observed in previousstudies (Hughes et al., Obesity (2013) 21, 9, 1782-1788). Elevation inthe levels of key catabolic hormones adiponectin and FGF21, coupled withthe appearance of ketone bodies (□-hydroxybutyrate), suggest MetAP2inhibition with the conjugated or modified fumagillin, fumagillol, or ananalog, derivative, salt or ester thereof compounds of the presentdisclosure stimulates energy expenditure, fat utilization and lipidexcretion. The reduction in leptin observed in previous studies and thestudies provided herein is also consistent with a decrease in totaladipose tissue and negative energy balance. It is also possible that theconjugated or modified fumagillin, fumagillol, or an analog, derivative,salt or ester thereof compounds of the present disclosure form acovalent bond with MetAP2, thereby irreversibly inhibiting and silencingexisting enzyme until a newly produced pool of MetAP2 is generated intarget tissues (e.g., liver and adipose tissue).

In certain aspects, the conjugated or modified fumagillin, fumagillol,or an analog, derivative, salt or ester thereof compounds of the presentdisclosure, for example have the following formula as shown in Table 1:

TABLE 1 Com- pound No. Chemical Structure 5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

* wherein Polymer has the structure of:

and preferably the structure of:

In some aspects, the compound is:

In some aspects, the compound is:

In some aspects, the compound is:

In some aspects, the compound is:

In some aspects, the compound is:

In some aspects, the compound is:

In one or more aspects, a compound for use in the present disclosure canbe selected fromcis-(3aRS,9bRS)-7-(benzenesulfonylamino)-1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydro-2H-furo[2,3-c]chromene-6-carboxylicacid; cis-(3aRS,9bRS)-7-[2-(3-diethylaminopropyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino]-1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydro-2H-furo[2,3-c]chromene-6-carboxylicacid;cis-(3aRS,9bRS)-7-[2-(3-{pyrrolidin-1-yl}propyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydro-2H-furo[2,3-c]chromene-6-carboxylicacid;cis-(3aRS,9bRS)-7-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydro-2H-furo[2,3-c]chromene-6-carboxylicacid;cis-(3aR,9bR)-7-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonylamino]-1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydro-2H-furo[2,3-c]chromene-6-carboxylicacid;cis-(3aS,9bS)-7-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydro-2H-furo[2,3-c]chromene-6-carboxylicacid;7-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-1,2-dihydrofuro[2,3-c]quinoline-6-carboxylicacid formate salt;7-(benzenesulfonylamino))-1,2-dihydrofuro[2,3-c]quinoline-6-carboxylicacid formate salt;cis-(3aRS,9bRS)-7-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-1,2,3a,4,5,9b-hexahydrofuro[2,3-c]quinoline-6-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aR,7bS)-5-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminopropenyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aS,7bR)-5-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-((Z)diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-7b-methyl-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-((E)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-7b-methyl-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;cis-(3aRS,9bRS)-7-[2-(4-dimethylamino-butylamino)-benzenesulfonylamino]-1,3a,4,9b-tetrahydro-2H-furo[2,3-c]chromene-6-carboxylicacid; (1aR,7bS)-5-[2-(3-diethylaminopropyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzene-sulfonylamino]-1,1-difluoro-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aR,7bS)-5-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzene-sulfonylamino]-1,1-difluoro-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aS,7bR)-5-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzene-sulfonylamino]-1,1-difluoro-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2((Z)-3-ethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aR,7bS)-5-[2((Z)-3-ethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aS,7bR)-5-[2((Z)-3-ethylaminoprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzene-sulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2[(Z)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-enyl]-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aR,7bS)-5-{2[(Z)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-enyl]-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aS,7bR)-5-{2[(Z)-3-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)prop-1-enyl]-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-(3-dimethylaminopropylamino)-benzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aR,7bS)-5-[2-(3-dimethylaminopropylamino)benzene-sulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aS,7bR)-5-[2-(3-dimethylaminopropyl-amino)benzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-(4-dimethylaminobutylamino)benzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aR,7bS)-5-[2-(4-dimethylamino-butylamino)benzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aS,7bR)-5-[2-(4-dimethylaminobutylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-(5-dimethylamino-pentylamino)benzene-sulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2[(Z)-3-(propan-2-yl)aminoprop-1-enyl]-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2[(Z)-3-((S)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)aminoprop-1-enyl]-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2[(Z)-3-((R)-3-hydroxypyrrolidin-1-yl)aminoprop-1-enyl]-4-fluorobenzene-sulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2((Z)-4-diethylaminobut-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aR,7bS)-5-[2((Z)-4-diethylaminobut-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aS,7bR)-5-[2((Z)-4-diethylaminobut-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[2-(4-ethylpiperazin-1-yl)-ethyl]-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2[(Z)-3-(azetidin-1-yl)prop-1-enyl]-4-fluorobenzene-sulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2[(Z)-3-(3-hydroxy-azetidin-1-yl)prop-1-enyl]-4-fluorobenzene-sulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2[(Z)-3-(azetidin-1-yl)propyl]-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2((Z)-4-diethylaminobutyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[N-(4-dimethylaminobutyl)-N-methylamino]-benzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[((S)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamoyl)-methyl]-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-(1-ethylazetidin-3-yl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-ylcarbamoyl)methyl]-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[2-(pyrrolidin-1-yl)-ethyl]-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aS,7bR)-5-[2-((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aR,7bS)-5-[2-((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[((S)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)carbonyl-aminomethyl]-4-fluorobenzene-sulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-(4-dimethylaminobutyrylamino)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-((S)-1-ethyl-pyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-(3-dimethylaminopropylcarbamoyl)benzene-sulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-(2-{[N—((S)-1-ethyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl)-N-methylcarbamoyl]methyl}-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonylamino)-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-(2-{[N—((R)-1-ethyl-pyrrolidin-3-yl)-N-methylcarbamoyl]methyl}-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonylamino)-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[2-((S)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethylamino]-benzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[2-((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethylamino]-benzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-(3-N,N,-diethylaminopropylamino)benzene-sulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-(2-{[((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidine-2-yl)carbonyl-amino]methyl}-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[(1-ethylazetidin-3-ylmethyl)amino]benzene-sulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aS,7bR)-5-[2-((Z)-3-diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)benzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1 aR,7bS)-5-[2-((Z)diethylaminoprop-1-enyl)benzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromenecarboxylic acid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-(2-{N—[((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidine-2-yl)carbonyl]-N-methyl-aminomethyl}-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromenecarboxylic acid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-(2-{N—[((S)-1-ethylpyrrolidine-2-yl)carbonyl]-N-methylamino-methyl}-4-fluorobenzenesulfonylamino)-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-(4-dimethylaminobutylamino)-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl)amino]-benzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[((S)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-ylmethyl)amino]-benzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-(4-ethyl-2-oxopiperazin-1-ylmethyl)-4-fluorobenzene-sulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-(1-ethylpiperidin-4-ylmethyl)-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[2-(1-ethylazetidin-3-yl)ethyl]-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[((S)-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)amino]benzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[((R)-1-azabicyclo-[2.2.2]oct-3-yl)amino]benzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-(2-{[((S)-1-ethylpyrrolidine-3-carbonyl)amino]methyl}-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonylamino)-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[2-((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-ylamino)ethyl]-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)amino]-benzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[((S)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)amino]-benzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-(2-{[((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidine-3-carbonyl)amino]-methyl)}-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonylamino)-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydro-cyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-[2-((Z)-3-diethylamino-2-methylprop-1-enyl)-4-fluorobenzene-sulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[2-((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)ethylamino]-benzenesulfonylamino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aRS,7bSR)-5-{2-[2-((S)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yl)ethylamino]-benzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aR,7bS)-5-[2-((S)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yloxymethyl)-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; (1aR,7bS)-5-[2-((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-3-yloxymethyl)-4-fluoro-benzenesulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aR,7bS)-5-[2-(1-ethylpiperidin-3-ylmethyl)-4-fluorobenzene-sulfonylamino]-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid;(1aR,7bS)-5-{2-[2-((R)-1-ethylpyrrolidin-2-yl)ethyl]-4-fluorobenzenesulfonyl-amino}-1,1a,2,7b-tetrahydrocyclopropa-[c]chromene-4-carboxylicacid; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, stereoisomers, esters andprodrugs thereof.

In one or more aspects, the compound is selected from:

and pharmaceutically acceptable salts or stereoisomers thereof.

For purposes of this disclosure, the chemical elements are identified inaccordance with the Periodic Table of the Elements, CAS version,Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 67th Ed., 1986-87, inside cover.

The term “alkyl” refers to a fully saturated branched or unbranchedcarbon chain radical having the number of carbon atoms specified, or upto 30 carbon atoms if no specification is made. For example, a “loweralkyl” refers to an alkyl having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms, such asmethyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, and octyl, andthose which are positional isomers of these alkyls. Alkyl of 10 to 30carbon atoms includes decyl, undecyl, dodecyl, tridecyl, tetradecyl,pentadecyl, hexadecyl, heptadecyl, octadecyl, nonadecyl, eicosyl,heneicosyl, docosyl, tricosyl and tetracosyl. In certain aspects, astraight chain or branched chain alkyl has 30 or fewer carbon atoms inits backbone (e.g., C₁-C₃₀ for straight chains, C₃-C₃₀ for branchedchains), and more preferably 20 or fewer. Likewise, certain cycloalkylshave from 3-10 carbon atoms in their ring structure, and may have 5, 6,or 7 carbons in the ring structure.

Unless the number of carbons is otherwise specified, “lower alkyl”, asused herein, means an alkyl group, as defined above, but having from oneto ten carbons, or from one to six carbon atoms in its backbonestructure such as methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl,sec-butyl, and tert-butyl. Likewise, “lower alkenyl” and “lower alkynyl”have similar chain lengths. Throughout the application, certain alkylgroups are lower alkyls. In certain aspects, a substituent designatedherein as alkyl is a lower alkyl.

The term “carbocycle”, as used herein, refers to an aromatic ornon-aromatic ring in which each atom of the ring is carbon.

The term “aryl” as used herein includes 5-, 6- and 7-memberedsingle-ring aromatic groups that may include from zero to fourheteroatoms, for example, benzene, pyrrole, furan, thiophene, imidazole,oxazole, thiazole, triazole, pyrazole, pyridine, pyrazine, pyridazineand pyrimidine, and the like. Those aryl groups having heteroatoms inthe ring structure may also be referred to as “aryl heterocycles” or“heteroaromatics”. The aromatic ring can be substituted at one or morering positions with such substituents as described above, for example,halogen, azide, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl,alkoxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido, phosphonate,phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl,sulfonamido, ketone, aldehyde, ester, heterocyclyl, aromatic orheteroaromatic moieties, —CF₃, —CN, or the like. The term “aryl” alsoincludes polycyclic ring systems having two or more cyclic rings inwhich two or more carbons are common to two adjoining rings (the ringsare “fused rings”) wherein at least one of the rings is aromatic, e.g.,the other cyclic rings can be cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls, cycloalkynyls,aryls and/or heterocyclyls.

“Alkenyl” refers to any branched or unbranched unsaturated carbon chainradical having the number of carbon atoms specified, or up to 26 carbonatoms if no limitation on the number of carbon atoms is specified; andhaving 1 or more double bonds in the radical. Alkenyl of 6 to 26 carbonatoms is exemplified by hexenyl, heptenyl, octenyl, nonenyl, decenyl,undecenyl, dodenyl, tridecenyl, tetradecenyl, pentadecenyl, hexadecenyl,heptadecenyl, octadecenyl, nonadecenyl, eicosenyl, heneicosoenyl,docosenyl, tricosenyl and tetracosenyl, in their various isomeric forms,where the unsaturated bond(s) can be located anywhere in the radical andcan have either the (Z) or the (E) configuration about the doublebond(s).

The term “alkynyl” refers to hydrocarbyl radicals of the scope ofalkenyl, but having one or more triple bonds in the radical.

The terms “alkoxyl” or “alkoxy” as used herein refers to an alkyl group,as defined below, having an oxygen radical attached thereto.Representative alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy,tert-butoxy and the like. An “ether” is two hydrocarbons covalentlylinked by an oxygen. Accordingly, the substituent of an alkyl thatrenders that alkyl an ether is or resembles an alkoxyl, such as can berepresented by one of —O-alkyl, —O-alkenyl, —O-alkynyl, —O—(CH₂)_(m)—R₁,where m and R₁ are described below.

The terms “heterocyclyl” or “heterocyclic group” refer to 3- to10-membered ring structures, more preferably 3- to 7-membered rings,whose ring structures include one to four heteroatoms. Heterocycles canalso be polycycles. Heterocyclyl groups include, for example, thiophene,thianthrene, furan, pyran, isobenzofuran, chromene, xanthene,phenoxathiin, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, isothiazole, isoxazole,pyridine, pyrazine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, indolizine, isoindole,indole, indazole, purine, quinolizine, isoquinoline, quinoline,phthalazine, naphthyridine, quinoxaline, quinazoline, cinnoline,pteridine, carbazole, carboline, phenanthridine, acridine, pyrimidine,phenanthroline, phenazine, phenarsazine, phenothiazine, furazan,phenoxazine, pyrrolidine, oxolane, thiolane, oxazole, piperidine,piperazine, morpholine, lactones, lactams such as azetidinones andpyrrolidinones, sultams, sultones, and the like. The heterocyclic ringcan be substituted at one or more positions with such substituents asdescribed above, as for example, halogen, alkyl, aralkyl, alkenyl,alkynyl, cycloalkyl, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, sulfhydryl, imino, amido,phosphate, phosphonate, phosphinate, carbonyl, carboxyl, silyl,sulfamoyl, sulfinyl, ether, alkylthio, sulfonyl, ketone, aldehyde,ester, a heterocyclyl, an aromatic or heteroaromatic moiety, —CF₃, —CN,or the like.

The term “alkylthio” refers to an alkyl group, as defined above, havinga sulfur radical attached thereto. In certain aspects, the “alkylthio”moiety is represented by one of —(S)-alkyl, —(S)-alkenyl, —(S)-alkynyl,and —(S)—(CH₂)_(m)—R₁, wherein m and R₁ are defined below.Representative alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, and thelike.

As used herein, the term “nitro” means —NO₂; the term “halogen”designates F, Cl, Br or I; the term “sulfhydryl” means —SH; the term“hydroxyl” means —OH; and the term “sulfonyl” means —SO₂—.

The terms “amine” and “amino” are art-recognized and refer to bothunsubstituted and substituted amines, e.g., a moiety that can berepresented by the general formulae:

wherein R₃, R₅ and R₆ each independently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl,an alkenyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R₁, or R₃ and R₅ taken together with the N atomto which they are attached complete a heterocycle having from 4 to 8atoms in the ring structure; R₁ represents an alkenyl, aryl, cycloalkyl,a cycloalkenyl, a heterocyclyl or a polycyclyl; and m is zero or aninteger in the range of 1 to 8. In certain aspects, only one of R₃ or R₅can be a carbonyl, e.g., R₃, R₅ and the nitrogen together do not form animide. In certain aspects, R₃ and R₅ (and optionally R₆) eachindependently represent a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, or—(CH₂)_(m)—R₁. Thus, the term “alkylamine” as used herein means an aminegroup, as defined above, having a substituted or unsubstituted alkylattached thereto, i.e., at least one of R₃ and R₅ is an alkyl group. Incertain aspects, an amino group or an alkylamine is basic, meaning ithas a pK_(a)≥7.00. The protonated forms of these functional groups havepK_(a)s relative to water above 7.00.

The term “carbonyl” (C(O)) is art-recognized and includes such moietiesas can be represented by the general formula:

wherein X is a bond or represents an oxygen or a sulfur, and R₇represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, an alkenyl, —(CH₂)_(m)—R₁ or apharmaceutically acceptable salt, R₈ represents a hydrogen, an alkyl, analkenyl or —(CH₂)_(m)—R₁, where m and R₁ are as defined above. Where Xis an oxygen and R₇ or R₈ is not hydrogen, the formula represents an“ester”. Where X is an oxygen, and R₇ is as defined above, the moiety isreferred to herein as a carboxyl group, and particularly when R₇ is ahydrogen, the formula represents a “carboxylic acid”. Where X is anoxygen, and R₈ is hydrogen, the formula represents a “formate”. Ingeneral, where the oxygen atom of the above formula is replaced bysulfur, the formula represents a “thiocarbonyl” group. Where X is asulfur and R₇ or R₈ is not hydrogen, the formula represents a“thioester” group. Where X is a sulfur and R₇ is hydrogen, the formularepresents a “thiocarboxylic acid” group. Where X is a sulfur and R₈ ishydrogen, the formula represents a “thioformate” group. On the otherhand, where X is a bond, and R₇ is not hydrogen, the above formularepresents a “ketone” group. Where X is a bond, and R₇ is hydrogen, theabove formula represents an “aldehyde” group.

As used herein, the term “substituted” is contemplated to include allpermissible substituents of organic compounds. In a broad aspect, thepermissible substituents include acyclic and cyclic, branched andunbranched, carbocyclic and heterocyclic, aromatic and nonaromaticsubstituents of organic compounds. Illustrative substituents include,for example, those described herein above. The permissible substituentscan be one or more and the same or different for appropriate organiccompounds. For purposes of this disclosure, the heteroatoms such asnitrogen may have hydrogen substituents and/or any permissiblesubstituents of organic compounds described herein which satisfy thevalences of the heteroatoms. This disclosure is not intended to belimited in any manner by the permissible substituents of organiccompounds. It will be understood that “substitution” or “substitutedwith” includes the implicit proviso that such substitution is inaccordance with permitted valence of the substituted atom and thesubstituent, and that the substitution results in a stable compound,e.g., which does not spontaneously undergo transformation such as byrearrangement, cyclization, elimination, etc.

The term “sulfamoyl” is art-recognized and includes a moiety that can berepresented by the general formula:

in which R₃ and R₅ are as defined above.

The term “sulfate” is art recognized and includes a moiety that can berepresented by the general formula:

in which R₇ is as defined above.

The term “sulfamido” is art recognized and includes a moiety that can berepresented by the general formula:

in which R₂ and R₄ are as defined above.

The term “sulfonate” is art-recognized and includes a moiety that can berepresented by the general formula:

in which R₇ is an electron pair, hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, or aryl.

The terms “sulfoxido” or “sulfinyl”, as used herein, refers to a moietythat can be represented by the general formula:

in which R₁₂ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl,alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aralkyl, or aryl.

Analogous substitutions can be made to alkenyl and alkynyl groups toproduce, for example, aminoalkenyls, aminoalkynyls, amidoalkenyls,amidoalkynyls, iminoalkenyls, iminoalkynyls, thioalkenyls, thioalkynyls,carbonyl-substituted alkenyls or alkynyls.

As used herein, the definition of each expression, e.g., alkyl, m, n,etc., when it occurs more than once in any structure, is intended to beindependent of its definition elsewhere in the same structure.

The term “amino acid” is intended to embrace all compounds, whethernatural or synthetic, which include both an amino functionality and anacid functionality, including amino acid analogs and derivatives. Incertain aspects, the amino acids contemplated in the present disclosureare those naturally occurring amino acids found in proteins, or thenaturally occurring anabolic or catabolic products of such amino acids,which contain amino and carboxyl groups. Naturally occurring amino acidsare identified throughout by the conventional three-letter and/orone-letter abbreviations, corresponding to the trivial name of the aminoacid, in accordance with the following list. The abbreviations areaccepted in the peptide art and are recommended by the IUPAC-IUBcommission in biochemical nomenclature.

By the term “amino acid residue” is meant an amino acid. In general theabbreviations used herein for designating the naturally occurring aminoacids are based on recommendations of the IUPAC-IUB Commission onBiochemical Nomenclature (see Biochemistry (1972) 11:1726-1732). Forinstance Met, Ile, Leu, Ala and Gly represent “residues” of methionine,isoleucine, leucine, alanine and glycine, respectively. By the residueis meant a radical derived from the corresponding α-amino acid byeliminating the OH portion of the carboxyl group and the H portion ofthe α-amino group.

The term “amino acid side chain” is that part of an amino acid residueexclusive of the backbone, as defined by K. D. Kopple, “Peptides andAmino Acids”, W. A. Benjamin Inc., New York and Amsterdam, 1966, pages 2and 33; examples of such side chains of the common amino acids are—CH₂CH₂SCH₃ (the side chain of methionine), —CH₂(CH₃)—CH₂CH₃ (the sidechain of isoleucine), —CH₂CH(CH₃)₂ (the side chain of leucine) or H-(theside chain of glycine). These side chains are pendant from the backboneC□ carbon.

The term “peptide,” as used herein, refers to a sequence of amino acidresidues linked together by peptide bonds or by modified peptide bonds.The term “peptide” is intended to encompass peptide analogs, peptidederivatives, peptidomimetics and peptide variants. The term “peptide” isunderstood to include peptides of any length. Peptide sequences set outherein are written according to the generally accepted conventionwhereby the N-terminal amino acid is on the left, and the C-terminalamino acid is on the right (e.g., H₂N-AA₁-AA₂-AA₃-AA₄-AA₅-AA₆-CO₂H).

Certain compounds of the present disclosure may exist in particulargeometric or stereoisomeric forms. The present disclosure contemplatesall such compounds, including cis- and trans-isomers, R- andS-enantiomers, diastereomers, (D)-isomers, (L)-isomers, the racemicmixtures thereof, and other mixtures thereof, as falling within thescope of the disclosure. Additional asymmetric carbon atoms may bepresent in a substituent such as an alkyl group. All such isomers, aswell as mixtures thereof, are intended to be included in thisdisclosure. Any representation of a particular isomer is merelyexemplary (e.g., the exemplification of a trans-isomer, also encompassesa cis-isomer).

If, for instance, a particular enantiomer of a compound of the presentdisclosure is desired, it may be prepared by asymmetric synthesis or byderivation with a chiral auxiliary, where the resulting diastereomericmixture is separated and the auxiliary group cleaved to provide the puredesired enantiomer. Alternatively, where the molecule contains a basicfunctional group, such as amino, or an acidic functional group, such ascarboxyl, diastereomeric salts are formed with an appropriateoptically-active acid or base, followed by resolution of thediastereomers thus formed by fractional crystallization orchromatographic means well known in the art, and subsequent recovery ofthe pure enantiomer.

The term “substituted”, as used herein, means that any one or morehydrogen atoms on the designated atom is replaced with a selection fromthe indicated groups, provided that the designated atom's normal valencyis not exceeded, and that the substitution results in a stable compound.When a substituent is keto (i.e., ═O), then 2 hydrogen atoms on the atomare replaced. Keto substituents are not present on aromatic moieties.Ring double bonds, as used herein, are double bonds that are formedbetween two adjacent ring atoms (e.g., C═C, C═N or N═N). “Stablecompound” and “stable structure” are meant to indicate a compound thatis sufficiently robust to survive isolation to a useful degree of purityfrom a reaction mixture, and formulation into an efficacious therapeuticagent.

When a bond to a substituent is shown to cross a bond connecting twoatoms in a ring, then such substituent may be bonded to any atom in thering. When a substituent is listed without indicating the atom via whichsuch substituent is bonded to the rest of the compound of a givenformula, then such substituent may be bonded via any atom in suchformula. Combinations of substituents and/or variables are permissible,but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

When any variable (e.g., R₁) occurs more than one time in anyconstituent or formula for a compound, its definition at each occurrenceis independent of its definition at every other occurrence. Thus, forexample, if a group is shown to be substituted with 0-2 R₁ moieties,then the group may optionally be substituted with up to two R₁ moietiesand R₁ at each occurrence is selected independently from the definitionof R₁. Also, combinations of substituents and/or variables arepermissible, but only if such combinations result in stable compounds.

In the present specification, the structural formula of the compoundrepresents a certain isomer for convenience in some cases, but thepresent disclosure includes all isomers, such as geometrical isomers,optical isomers based on an asymmetrical carbon, stereoisomers,tautomers, and the like. In addition, a crystal polymorphism may bepresent for the compounds represented by the formula. It is noted thatany crystal form, crystal form mixture, or anhydride or hydrate thereofis included in the scope of the present disclosure. Furthermore,so-called metabolite which is produced by degradation of the presentcompound in vivo is included in the scope of the present disclosure.

“Isomerism” means compounds that have identical molecular formulae butdiffer in the sequence of bonding of their atoms or in the arrangementof their atoms in space. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of theiratoms in space are termed “stereoisomers”. Stereoisomers that are notmirror images of one another are termed “diastereoisomers”, andstereoisomers that are non-superimposable mirror images of each otherare termed “enantiomers” or sometimes optical isomers. A mixturecontaining equal amounts of individual enantiomeric forms of oppositechirality is termed a “racemic mixture”.

A carbon atom bonded to four nonidentical substituents is termed a“chiral center”.

“Chiral isomer” means a compound with at least one chiral center.Compounds with more than one chiral center may exist either as anindividual diastereomer or as a mixture of diastereomers, termed“diastereomeric mixture”. When one chiral center is present, astereoisomer may be characterized by the absolute configuration (R or S)of that chiral center. Absolute configuration refers to the arrangementin space of the substituents attached to the chiral center. Thesubstituents attached to the chiral center under consideration areranked in accordance with the Sequence Rule of Cahn, Ingold and Prelog.(Cahn et al., Angew. Chem. Inter. Edit. 1966, 5, 385; errata 511; Cahnet al., Angew. Chem. 1966, 78, 413; Cahn and Ingold, J. Chem. Soc. 1951(London), 612; Cahn et al., Experientia 1956, 12, 81; Cahn, J. Chem.Educ. 1964, 41, 116).

“Geometric isomer” means the diastereomers that owe their existence tohindered rotation about double bonds. These configurations aredifferentiated in their names by the prefixes cis and trans, or Z and E,which indicate that the groups are on the same or opposite side of thedouble bond in the molecule according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog rules.

Furthermore, the structures and other compounds discussed in thisdisclosure include all atropic isomers thereof. “Atropic isomers” are atype of stereoisomer in which the atoms of two isomers are arrangeddifferently in space. Atropic isomers owe their existence to arestricted rotation caused by hindrance of rotation of large groupsabout a central bond. Such atropic isomers typically exist as a mixture,however as a result of recent advances in chromatography techniques; ithas been possible to separate mixtures of two atropic isomers in selectcases.

“Tautomer” is one of two or more structural isomers that exist inequilibrium and is readily converted from one isomeric form to another.This conversion results in the formal migration of a hydrogen atomaccompanied by a switch of adjacent conjugated double bonds. Tautomersexist as a mixture of a tautomeric set in solution. In solid form,usually one tautomer predominates. In solutions where tautomerization ispossible, a chemical equilibrium of the tautomers will be reached. Theexact ratio of the tautomers depends on several factors, includingtemperature, solvent and pH. The concept of tautomers that areinterconvertable by tautomerizations is called tautomerism.

Of the various types of tautomerism that are possible, two are commonlyobserved. In keto-enol tautomerism a simultaneous shift of electrons anda hydrogen atom occurs. Ring-chain tautomerism arises as a result of thealdehyde group (—CHO) in a sugar chain molecule reacting with one of thehydroxy groups (—OH) in the same molecule to give it a cyclic(ring-shaped) form as exhibited by glucose.

Common tautomeric pairs are: ketone-enol, amide-nitrile, lactam-lactim,amide-imidic acid tautomerism in heterocyclic rings (e.g., innucleobases such as guanine, thymine and cytosine), amine-enamine andenamine-enamine.

It is to be understood that the compounds of the present disclosure maybe depicted as different tautomers. It should also be understood thatwhen compounds have tautomeric forms, all tautomeric forms are intendedto be included in the scope of the present disclosure, and the naming ofthe compounds does not exclude any tautomer form.

The term “crystal polymorphs”, “polymorphs” or “crystal forms” meanscrystal structures in which a compound (or a salt or solvate thereof)can crystallize in different crystal packing arrangements, all of whichhave the same elemental composition. Different crystal forms usuallyhave different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectral, meltingpoints, density hardness, crystal shape, optical and electricalproperties, stability and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate ofcrystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause onecrystal form to dominate. Crystal polymorphs of the compounds can beprepared by crystallization under different conditions.

Additionally, the compounds of the present disclosure, for example, thesalts of the compounds, can exist in either hydrated or unhydrated (theanhydrous) form or as solvates with other solvent molecules. Nonlimitingexamples of hydrates include monohydrates, dihydrates, etc. Nonlimitingexamples of solvates include ethanol solvates, acetone solvates, etc.

“Solvate” means solvent addition forms that contain eitherstoichiometric or non stoichiometric amounts of solvent. Some compoundshave a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in thecrystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is waterthe solvate formed is a hydrate; and if the solvent is alcohol, thesolvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combinationof one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the substance inwhich the water retains its molecular state as H₂O.

As used herein, the term “analog” refers to a chemical compound that isstructurally similar to another but differs slightly in composition (asin the replacement of one atom by an atom of a different element or inthe presence of a particular functional group, or the replacement of onefunctional group by another functional group). Thus, an analog is acompound that is similar or comparable in function and appearance, butnot in structure or origin to the reference compound.

As defined herein, the term “derivative” refers to compounds that have acommon core structure, and are substituted with various groups asdescribed herein.

The term “bioisostere” refers to a compound resulting from the exchangeof an atom or of a group of atoms with another, broadly similar, atom orgroup of atoms. The objective of a bioisosteric replacement is to createa new compound with similar biological properties to the parentcompound. The bioisosteric replacement may be physicochemically ortopologically based. Examples of carboxylic acid bioisosteres include,but are not limited to, acyl sulfonimides, tetrazoles, sulfonates andphosphonates. See, e.g., Patani and LaVoie, Chem. Rev. 96, 3147-3176,1996.

The present disclosure is intended to include all isotopes of atomsoccurring in the present compounds. Isotopes include those atoms havingthe same atomic number but different mass numbers. By way of generalexample and without limitation, isotopes of hydrogen include tritium anddeuterium, and isotopes of carbon include C-13 and C-14.

The synthetic processes of the disclosure can tolerate a wide variety offunctional groups; therefore various substituted starting materials canbe used. The processes generally provide the desired final compound ator near the end of the overall process, although it may be desirable incertain instances to further convert the compound to a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt, ester or prodrug thereof.

Compounds of the present disclosure can be prepared in a variety of waysusing commercially available starting materials, compounds known in theliterature, or from readily prepared intermediates, by employingstandard synthetic methods and procedures either known to those skilledin the art, or which will be apparent to the skilled artisan in light ofthe teachings herein. Standard synthetic methods and procedures for thepreparation of organic molecules and functional group transformationsand manipulations can be obtained from the relevant scientificliterature or from standard textbooks in the field. Although not limitedto any one or several sources, classic texts such as Smith, M. B.,March, J., March's Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms,and Structure, 5^(th) edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 2001; andGreene, T. W., Wuts, P. G. M., Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis,3^(rd) edition, John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999, incorporated byreference herein, are useful and recognized reference textbooks oforganic synthesis known to those in the art. The following descriptionsof synthetic methods are designed to illustrate, but not to limit,general procedures for the preparation of compounds of the presentdisclosure.

In particular, the compounds of the present disclosure, and theirsynthesis, are further described in PCT Publication Nos. WO 2011/150022and WO 2011/150088 and U.S. Pat. Nos. 9,173,956, 9,320,805, and9,433,600. Each of these publications is incorporated by reference intheir entireties for all purposes.

The present disclosure also provides pharmaceutical compositionscomprising a compound of the present disclosure, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, solvates, diastereomers, and polymorphs thereof, and apharmaceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

A “pharmaceutical composition” is a formulation containing the compoundsof the present disclosure in a form suitable for administration to asubject. In one aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is in bulk or inunit dosage form. The unit dosage form is any of a variety of forms,including, for example, a capsule, an IV bag, a tablet, a single pump onan aerosol inhaler or a vial. The quantity of active ingredient (e.g., aformulation of the disclosed compound or salt, hydrate, solvate orisomer thereof) in a unit dose of composition is an effective amount andis varied according to the particular treatment involved. One skilled inthe art will appreciate that it is sometimes necessary to make routinevariations to the dosage depending on the age and condition of thepatient. The dosage will also depend on the route of administration. Avariety of routes are contemplated, including oral, pulmonary, rectal,parenteral, transdermal, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular,intraperitoneal, inhalational, buccal, sublingual, intrapleural,intrathecal, intranasal, and the like. Dosage forms for the topical ortransdermal administration of a compound of this disclosure includepowders, sprays, ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, solutions,patches and inhalants. In one aspect, the active compound is mixed understerile conditions with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, and withany preservatives, buffers or propellants that are required.

As used herein, “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” or“pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” is intended to include any and allsolvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungalagents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like,compatible with pharmaceutical administration. Suitable carriers aredescribed in the most recent edition of Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, a standard reference text in the field. Preferred examples ofsuch carriers or diluents include, but are not limited to, water,saline, ringer's solutions, dextrose solution, and 5% human serumalbumin.

Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include solid carriers such aslactose, terra alba, sucrose, talc, gelatin, agar, pectin, acacia,magnesium stearate, stearic acid and the like. Exemplary liquid carriersinclude syrup, peanut oil, olive oil, water and the like. Similarly, thecarrier or diluent may include time-delay material known in the art,such as glyceryl monostearate or glyceryl distearate, alone or with awax, ethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose, methylmethacrylate orthe like. Other fillers, excipients, flavorants, and other additivessuch as are known in the art may also be included in a pharmaceuticalcomposition according to this disclosure. Liposomes and non-aqueousvehicles such as fixed oils may also be used. The use of such media andagents for pharmaceutically active substances is well known in the art.Except insofar as any conventional media or agent is incompatible withthe active compound, use thereof in the compositions is contemplated.Supplementary active compounds can also be incorporated into thecompositions. In certain aspects, the pharmaceutical compositioncomprises DMSO.

The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to the relativelynon-toxic, inorganic and organic acid addition salts of the compound(s).These salts can be prepared in situ during the final isolation andpurification of the compound(s), or by separately reacting a purifiedcompound(s) in its free base form with a suitable organic or inorganicacid, and isolating the salt thus formed. Representative salts includethe hydrobromide, hydrochloride, sulfate, bisulfate, phosphate, nitrate,acetate, valerate, oleate, palmitate, stearate, laurate, benzoate,lactate, phosphate, tosylate, citrate, maleate, fumarate, succinate,tartrate, naphthylate, mesylate, glucoheptonate, lactobionate, andlaurylsulphonate salts, and the like. Representative alkali or alkalineearth salts include the lithium, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium,and aluminum salts, and the like. Representative organic amines usefulfor the formation of base addition salts include ethylamine,diethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, piperazine,and the like (See, for example, Berge et al. (1977) “PharmaceuticalSalts”, J. Pharm. Sci. 66:1-19)

The phrase “pharmaceutically acceptable” is employed herein to refer tothose ligands, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are,within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contactwith the tissues of human beings and animals, substantiallynon-pyrogenic, without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergicresponse, or other problem or complication, commensurate with areasonable benefit/risk ratio.

As used herein, the term “metabolite” means a product of metabolism ofthe compound of present disclosure, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, solvates, diastereomers, and polymorphs thereof, that exhibits asimilar activity in vivo to the compound of present disclosure, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates, diastereomers, andpolymorphs thereof.

As used herein, the term “prodrug” means the compound of presentdisclosure, or pharmaceutically acceptable salts, solvates,diastereomers, and polymorphs thereof covalently linked to one or morepro-moieties, such as an amino acid moiety or other water solubilizingmoiety. The compound of present disclosure, or pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts, solvates, diastereomers, and polymorphs thereof may bereleased from the pro-moiety via hydrolytic, oxidative, and/or enzymaticrelease mechanisms. In an aspect, a prodrug composition of the presentdisclosure exhibits the added benefit of increased aqueous solubility,improved stability, and improved pharmacokinetic profiles. Thepro-moiety may be selected to obtain desired prodrug characteristics.For example, the pro-moiety, e.g., an amino acid moiety or other watersolubilizing moiety such as phosphate within R4, may be selected basedon solubility, stability, bioavailability, and/or in vivo delivery oruptake. Examples of prodrugs include, but are not limited to, esters(e.g., acetate, dialkylaminoacetates, formates, phosphates, sulfates andbenzoate derivatives) and carbamates (e.g., N,N-dimethylaminocarbonyl)of hydroxy functional groups, esters (e.g., ethyl esters,morpholinoethanol esters) of carboxyl functional groups, N-acylderivatives (e.g., N-acetyl) N-Mannich bases, Schiff bases andenaminones of amino functional groups, oximes, acetals, ketals and enolesters of ketone and aldehyde functional groups in compounds of thedisclosure, and the like, See Bundegaard, H., Design of Prodrugs, p1-92, Elesevier, New York-Oxford (1985).

The compounds of the present disclosure, or pharmaceutically acceptablesalts, esters, solvates, diastereomers, polymorphs, or pro-drugs thereof(or pharmaceutical compositions thereof) can be administered by anymeans known in the art. For example, the compounds or compositions ofthe present disclosure are administered orally, nasally, transdermally,topically, pulmonary, inhalationally, buccally, sublingually,intraperintoneally, subcutaneously, intramuscularly, intravenously,rectally, intrapleurally, intrathecally and parenterally. Administrationcan be systemic, e.g., intravenous administration, or localized. Incertain aspects, the route of administration may be intravenous,intramuscular, subcutaneous, intradermal, intraperitoneal, intrathecal,intrapleural, intrauterine, rectal, vaginal, topical, and the like. Incertain aspects, the compound is administered subcutaneously.

A pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure is formulated to becompatible with its intended route of administration. Examples of routesof administration include parenteral, e.g., intravenous, intradermal,subcutaneous, oral (e.g., inhalation), transdermal (topical), andtransmucosal administration. Solutions or suspensions used forparenteral, intradermal, or subcutaneous application can include thefollowing components: a sterile diluent such as water for injection,saline solution, fixed oils, polyethylene glycols, glycerine, propyleneglycol or other synthetic solvents; antibacterial agents such as benzylalcohol or methyl parabens; antioxidants such as ascorbic acid or sodiumbisulfite; chelating agents such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid;buffers such as acetates, citrates or phosphates, and agents for theadjustment of tonicity such as sodium chloride or dextrose. The pH canbe adjusted with acids or bases, such as hydrochloric acid or sodiumhydroxide. The parenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules,disposable syringes or multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic.

A compound or pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure can beadministered to a subject in many of the well-known methods currentlyused for chemotherapeutic treatment. For example, for treatment ofcancers, a compound of the disclosure may be injected directly intotumors, injected into the blood stream or body cavities, injectedsubcutaneously, or taken orally or applied through the skin withpatches. The dose chosen should be sufficient to constitute effectivetreatment but not as high as to cause unacceptable side effects. Thestate of the disease condition (e.g., cancer, precancer, and the like)and the health of the patient should preferably be closely monitoredduring and for a reasonable period after treatment.

In one aspect, the compounds of the present disclosure, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, solvates, diastereomers,polymorphs, or pro-drugs thereof, are administered in a suitable dosageform or formulation prepared by combining a therapeutically effectiveamount (e.g., an efficacious level sufficient to achieve the desiredtherapeutic effect) of the compounds of the present disclosure, orpharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters, solvates, diastereomers,polymorphs, or pro-drugs thereof (as an active ingredient) with standardpharmaceutical carriers or diluents according to conventional procedures(i.e., by producing a pharmaceutical composition of the disclosure).These procedures may involve mixing, granulating, and compressing ordissolving the ingredients as appropriate to attain the desiredpreparation.

Parenteral dosage forms may be prepared by any means known in the art.For example, sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspensions may beformulated according to the known art using suitable dispersing orwetting agents and suspending agents.

Oral dosage forms, such as capsules, tablets, pills, powders, andgranules, may be prepared using any suitable process known to the art.For example, the compounds of the present disclosure may be mixed withenteric materials and compressed into tablets. Alternatively,formulations of the disclosure are incorporated into chewable tablets,crushable tablets, tablets that dissolve rapidly within the mouth, ormouth wash.

For pulmonary (e.g., intrabronchial) administration, the compounds ofthe present disclosure can be formulated with conventional excipients toprepare an inhalable composition in the form of a fine powder oratomizable liquid. For ocular administration, the compounds of thepresent disclosure can be formulated with conventional excipients, forexample, in the form of eye drops or an ocular implant. Among excipientsuseful in eye drops are viscosifying or gelling agents, to minimize lossby lacrimation through improved retention in the eye.

Liquid dosage forms for oral or other administration include, but arenot limited to, pharmaceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions,solutions, suspensions, syrups and elixirs. In addition to the activeagent(s), the liquid dosage forms may contain inert diluents commonlyused in the art such as, for example, water or other solvents,solubilizing agents and emulsifiers such as ethyl alcohol, isopropylalcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzylbenzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils(in particular, cottonseed, groundnut, corn, germ, olive, castor, andsesame oils), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycolsand fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. Besides inertdiluents, the ocular, oral, or other systemically-delivered compositionscan also include adjuvants such as wetting agents, and emulsifying andsuspending agents.

Commercially available nebulizers for liquid formulations, including jetnebulizers and ultrasonic nebulizers are useful for administration.Liquid formulations can be directly nebulized and lyophilized powder canbe nebulized after reconstitution. Alternatively, the compounds of thepresent disclosure can be aerosolized using a fluorocarbon formulationand a metered dose inhaler, or inhaled as a lyophilized and milledpowder.

Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of an inventivepharmaceutical composition may include ointments, pastes, creams,lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants, or patches. Theactive agent is admixed under sterile conditions with a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier and any needed preservatives or buffers as may berequired. For example, cutaneous routes of administration are achievedwith aqueous drops, a mist, an emulsion, or a cream.

Transdermal patches may have the added advantage of providing controlleddelivery of the active ingredients to the body. Such dosage forms can bemade by dissolving or dispensing the compound in the proper medium.Absorption enhancers can also be used to increase the flux of thecompound across the skin. The rate can be controlled by either providinga rate controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymermatrix or gel.

Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration may be suppositorieswhich can be prepared by mixing the compounds of the present disclosurewith suitable non-irritating excipients or carriers such as cocoabutter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which are solid atambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore melt inthe rectum or vaginal cavity and release the active agent(s).Alternatively, contemplated formulations can be administered by releasefrom a lumen of an endoscope after the endoscope has been inserted intoa rectum of a subject.

One skilled in the art may refer to general reference texts for detaileddescriptions of known techniques discussed herein or equivalenttechniques. These texts include Ausubel et al., Current Protocols inMolecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Inc. (2005); Sambrook et al.,Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (3d ed.), Cold Spring HarborPress, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2000); Coligan et al., CurrentProtocols in Immunology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.; Enna et al., CurrentProtocols in Pharmacology, John Wiley & Sons, N.Y.; Fingl et al., ThePharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (1975), Remington's PharmaceuticalSciences, Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa., 18th edition (1990). Thesetexts can, of course, also be referred to in making or using an aspectof the disclosure.

All percentages and ratios used herein, unless otherwise indicated, areby weight. Other features and advantages of the present disclosure areapparent from the different examples. The provided examples illustratedifferent components and methodology useful in practicing the presentdisclosure. The examples do not limit the claimed disclosure. Based onthe present disclosure the skilled artisan can identify and employ othercomponents and methodology useful for practicing the present disclosure.

EXAMPLES Example 1: Effect of Compound 20 (Shown in the Figure asCompound A) on Obese and Lean Mice

Female C57Bl/6 mice were surgically ovariectomized at six weeks of age(Jackson Lab) and following recovery were placed upon either a high-fatdiet (HFD) or low-fat diet (LFD) until the average weight of mice on theHFD exceeded 40 grams. EO771 cells (50,000; from CH3 Biosystems) werethen injected into the fourth mammary gland and when tumors reachedapproximately 50 mm³ treatment with SDX-7320 was initiated (s.c., Q4D,total of four doses). Mice were euthanized and terminal blood sampleswere obtained 15 days after initiating dosing. Plasma was analyzed forleptin and total adiponectin by MSD. Adipose tissue depots weredissected and weighed. Tumors were dissected, weighed and a portion wasplaced in 10% buffered formalin for histology and another portion wasplaced in ice-cold tissue culture media for subsequent processing andanalysis of leukocytes by flow cytometry.

EO771 tumors grew at a faster rate in obese mice compare to age-matchedlean mice (FIG. 1A). Compound A significantly attenuated tumor growth inboth lean and obese mice (FIG. 1B, 1C). Compound A significantlydecreased body weight of both lean and obese mice (FIG. 2 ), which wasdue (in part) to significant reductions in adipose tissue mass (FIG. 3).

Example 2: Effect of Compound 20 (Shown in the Figure as Compound A) onTumor and Serum Biomarkers in Lean and Obese Mice

Leptin levels were significantly reduced in obese mice by Compound A(FIG. 4A) while adiponectin levels were significantly increased byCompound A in both lean and obese mice (FIG. 4B). The leptin/adiponectinratio was significantly decreased by Compound A in both lean and obesemice (FIG. 4C).

Compound A significantly reduced levels of the immunosuppressivecytokine, IL-10 in obese mice (FIG. 5B). Therefore the effects ofCompound A to lower the levels of circulating IL-10 is expected to alterthe tumor microenvironment in a manner that reduces theimmunosuppressive state of the TME.

A subset of tumor samples from each group (n=3/group, except for samplesfrom obese mice treated with Compound A which consisted of n=2 due tolow cell viability in one of the samples) were processed for analysis ofleukocyte content by flow cytometry. In particular, the intra-tumoralcontent of a population of immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells(MDSCs) was measured based on their elevated CD11b⁺/GR-1⁺ content. Thesecells are known to suppress T cell-mediated immunity and enable tumorsto escape immune surveillance. While Compound A did not affectintratumoral MDSC content in lean mice, the tumor content of these cellsin obese mice was decreased >90% after treatment with Compound A (FIG. 6).

EO771 mammary gland tumors were analysed by immunohistochemistry (IHC)for the nuclear antigen FoxP3, which is a marker of Tregs (Hori et al,2003, Science. 299 (5609): 1057-61). The results of this analysis showedthat tumors from vehicle-treated, obese mice had numerous FoxP3-positivecells within the tumor and surrounding capillaries (identified in FIG.7A by arrowheads). In contrast, tumors from Compound A-treated miceexhibited reduced numbers of FoxP3-positive cells (indicated byarrowheads in FIG. 7B). This indicates that the tumor microenvironment(TME) was altered by Compound A, resulting in a less immune-suppressiveTME due to the reduction in number of Tregs. Slides were counter-stainedwith hematoxylin to visualize cell nucleii.

Additional IHC analysis of EO771 tumors from obese mice was conductedfor the enzyme arginase-1 (Arg-1), which metabolizes arginine. Withintumors, elevated activity of Arg-1 reduces levels of extracellulararginine, and deprives cytotoxic T lymphocytes of an important energysource, which results in reduced tumororicidal activity (Popovic et al,J. Nutr. 137: 1681S-1686S, 2007). IHC results showed that tumors fromobese mice had robust Arg-1 staining within certain areas of the tumor(T), tumor stroma (S) as well as surrounding tumor-associated adipocytes(A; FIG. 8A). In contrast, Arg-1 staining in tumors from obese micetreated with Compound A was reduced, especially within the tumor (T),while staining sometimes remained evident in the tumor stroma (S) andthe surrounding adipose tissue (A; FIG. 8B).

Example 3: Effect of Compound 20 (Shown in the Figure as Compound A) onBiomarker Expression in Human Cancer Patients

The following exploratory biomarkers were measured in serum fromlate-stage cancer patients treated with Compound A as part of an ongoingclinical trial (SDX-0101) using standard immunologic assays. Compound Awas dosed sub-cutaneously as a sterile solution in 5% mannitol/wateronce every seven days or once every fourteen days. The results showedthat leptin levels in patients treated with Compound A generallydeclined (FIG. 9A) which is particularly apparent when the data areexpressed as “% change from baseline” (FIG. 9B). Note that leptin datawas stratified on baseline leptin (>10 ng/ml). Conversely the levels ofanother adipokine (eg, an adipose-tissue derived hormone) adiponectingenerally increased after treatment with Compound A (FIG. 10A, B). Theratio of leptin to adiponectin (LAR) also generally declined afterinitiating treatment with Compound A (FIG. 11A, B). Insulin is anotherbiomarker in cancer patients with or without metabolic dysfunction.Insulin was measured in heavily pre-treated cancer patients withCompound A, dosed subcutaneously once every seven days or once everyfourteen days. The results showed that insulin levels in patientstreated with Compound A generally declined (FIG. 15A) with the percentchange from baseline (for patients with insulin levels above 20 uU/ml)(FIG. 15B). Inulin alone, while a potent mitogen and known stimulator oftumor cells, does not necessarily speak to the effects of insulinresistance. Insulin resistance is recognized as a negativeprognosticator for cancer patients (Duggan et al., J Clin Oncol (2010)29:32-39). Here we show that patients whose baseline insulin was above20 uU/ml had significant reductions in their insulin resistance scores(using the HOMA2 IR method) regardless of their obesity state (FIG. 19).

The angiogenic protein vascular endothelial growth factor C (VEGF-C) wasmeasured in the serum of cancer patients before and after treatment withCompound A. For patients with baseline VEGF-C>200 pg/ml, the levels ofVEGF-C generally declined after treatment with Compound A (FIG. 11A, B).In addition, the serum levels of another important cancer growth factor,insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) were analyzed and for patients withIGF-1>100 ng/ml at baseline, IGF-1 levels often declined afterinitiating treatment with Compound A (FIG. 13A, B). Serum levels ofanother pro-angiogeneic and growth-promoting hormone, bFGF/FGF2, wereshown to decline after initiating treatment with Compound A, inparticular in patients whose baseline levels were >5.0 pg/ml (FIG. 14A,B). Note that for serum samples whose bFGF/FGF2 levels were below theLLOQ for the assay (LLOQ=2.6 pg/ml), a value of 2.0 pg/ml was assignedto facilitate presentation of the data in FIG. 14B (“Change in bFGF”).

Insulin is a potent tumor mitogen. In cancer patients it has beenreported that elevated levels of insulin correlate with diseaseprogression and mortality (Tsujimoto et al, Int. J. Cancer, 2017, 141,102-111). FIG. 15 shows general reductions in cancer patients' insulinlevels with baseline levels greater than 20 uU/ml. The cancer patientshave a variety of tumors, were given a range of doses (1.7-65 mg/m²) anddosing schedules (once weekly or once every two weeks) of Compound A.FIG. 19 shows the improvements in insulin sensitivity in these patientsusing the HOMA2-IR method of calculating insulin sensitivity.

This has been highlighted more recently for an emerging class of drugstargeting the enzyme phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K), andspecifically its catalytic subunit p110. Mechanism-based side effects,observed pre-clinically as well as clinically, include hyperglycemia andhyperinsulinemia (Busaidy et al, 2012, J. Clin. Oncol. 30:2919-2928;Hopkins et al, 2018, Nature, 560(7719):499-503). In normal mice,Compound A (dosed sub-cutaneously, Q4D over a span of 10 days prior todosing with the PI3k inhibitor alpelisib/BYL-719) attenuated acutehyperglycemia induced by alpelisib/BYL-719 (45 mg/kg, po; FIG. 16 ).FIGS. 20 and 21 show the time course improvements in hyperinsulinemia(measured via both direct insulin and its surrogate C-peptide). Whileglucose levels were generally attenuated regardless of when the animalswere pre-treated with Compound A before alpelisib/BYL-719, insulinlevels showed a surprising time-dependent and significant improvement inhyperinsulinemia, which was confirmed by C-peptide levels.

Annexins are a family of calcium-dependent phospholipid-binding proteinsthat preferentially bind phosphatidylserine (PS). Under normalphysiological conditions, PS is predominantly located in the innerleaflet of the plasma membrane (FIG. 1 ). Upon initiation of apoptosis,PS loses its asymmetric distribution across the phospholipid bilayer andis translocated to the extracellular membrane leaflet, marking cells astargets of phagocytosis. Once on the outer surface of the membrane, PScan be detected by fluorescently labelled Annexin V in acalcium-dependent manner.

In early-stage apoptosis, the plasma membrane excludes viability dyessuch as 7-aminoactinomycin D (7-AAD). Cells at this stage will stainwith Annexin V but not a viability dye, thus distinguishing cells inearly apoptosis. However, in late-stage apoptosis, the cell membraneloses integrity thereby allowing Annexin V to also access PS in theinterior of the cell. A viability dye can be used to resolve theselate-stage apoptotic and necrotic cells (Annexin V and viability dyepositive) from the early-stage apoptotic cells (Annexin V positive,viability dye negative). In this study Annexin V expression was assessedusing the Annexin V PE Apoptosis Detection Kit provided by BioLegend(catalogue #640934) using a BD FACSCanto II flow cytometer. FIG. 17shows decreasing cell survival via apoptosis using a small moleculefumagillin derivative of the present invention in a time dependentmanner.

The Caspase-Glo® 3/7 Assay from Promega Corp is a homogeneous,luminescent assay that measures caspase-3 and -7 activities. Thesemembers of the cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease (caspase) familyplay key effector roles in apoptosis in mammalian cells.

The assay provides a luminogenic caspase-3/7 substrate, which containsthe tetrapeptide sequence DEVD, in a reagent optimized for caspaseactivity, luciferase activity and cell lysis. Addition of a singleCaspase-Glo® 3/7 reagent in an “add-mix-measure” format results in celllysis, followed by caspase cleavage of the substrate and generation of a“glow-type” luminescent signal, produced by luciferase. Luminescence isproportional to the amount of caspase activity present. FIG. 18 shows atimel-dependent induction of caspase 3/7 signalling apoptosis atincreasing concentrations of a small molecule of the present invention.

Example 4: Treating Cancer Using a Combination of Compound 20 (Shown inthe Figures as Compound A) and a PI3K Inhibitor

The following is an example showing that MetAP2 inhibitors, specificallyCompound 20 (herein referred to as Compound A) can be used incombination with PI3K inhibitors, specifically alpelisib/BYL-719 totreat cancer. In this example, female nu/nu mice, age 8-10 weeks, withestrogen pellets implanted into the intra-scapular region, were used.First, the mice (n=10/treatment group) were injected with 2.5×10⁶ MCF-7cells (suspended in Matrigel) into the fourth mammary gland. When theMCF-7 mammary gland tumors reached approximately 50 mm3, the mice weresubdivided into treatment groups of n=10 mice and administered the dosesof Compound A indicated in Table 2. 24 hours after receiving Compound A,a subset of the treatment groups were administered the doses of BYL-719indicated in Table 2. The dosing route and schedule for Compound A wassubcutaneous injection (SC) and Q4D (once every four days) respectively.The dosing route and schedule for BYL-719 was oral (per os, PO) and QD(once daily) respectively. The vehicle control was administered oncedaily (QD) orally (PO).

TABLE 2 N (mice/ Dosing Dosing Dosing Dosing Treatment treatment Dose ofSchedule of Route of Dose of Schedule Route of Group Name group)Compound A Compound A Compound A BYL-719 of BYL-719 BYL-719 Vehicle 10 —— — — — — Compound A 10  8 Q4D SC — — — (8 mg/kg) Compound A 10 16 Q4DSC — — — (16 mg/kg) Compound A 10  8 Q4D SC 25 QD PO (8 mg/kg) + BYL-719(25 mg/kg) Compound A 10  8 Q4D SC 45 QD PO (8 mg/kg) + BYL-719 (45mg/kg) BYL-719 10 — — — 25 QD PO (25 mg/kg) BYL-719 10 — — — 45 QD PO(45 mg/kg)

Blood glucose levels were assessed at baseline using a glucometer, onceeach week (4 hours post-BYL administration) and also when mice wereeuthanized, using blood taken from the tail of the mice. Upon euthanasiaof viable mice, a terminal blood sample was obtained (cardiac puncture)and plasma was prepared from the remaining blood for biomarker analysis.Upon euthanasia, tumors were dissected, weighed and split into twoportions—half were placed into buffered formalin and half werehomogenized in RIPA buffer containing phosphatase and proteaseinhibitors, then frozen at −70° C.

FIG. 22 shows the change in MCF-7 tumor volume (% change from baseline)in mice treated with either vehicle control, Compound A at 8 mg/kg orCompound A at 16 mg/kg. FIG. 23 shows the change in MCF-7 tumor volumein mice treated with either vehicle control, Compound A at 8 mg/kg,Compound A at 8 mg/kg in combination with BYL-719 at 25 mg/kg or BYL-719alone at 25 mg/kg. FIG. 24 shows the change in MCF-7 tumor volume inmice treated with either vehicle control, Compound A at 8 mg/kg,Compound A at 8 mg/kg in combination with BYL-719 at 45 mg/kg or BYL-719alone at 45 mg/kg. Comparison of FIGS. 22, 23 and 24 show that theeffect of treatment with Compound A alone was smaller than the effectseen when Compound A was used in combination with BYL-719. The effect ofusing Compound A in combination with BYL-719 appeared either synergistic(with 25 mg/kg BYL-719) or additive (with 45 mg/kg BYL-719).

FIG. 25 shows the change in tumor volume at day 37 in all treatmentgroups. FIG. 25 shows that when compared to single agent activity ofCompound A or BLY-719 alone, the combination of Compound A and BYL-719at either low BYL-719 doses (25 mg/kg) or high BYL-719 doses (45 mg/kg)significantly attenuated tumor growth. Thus, the results of this exampleshow that MetAP2 inhibitors can be used in combination with PI3Kinhibitors to treat cancer.

Example 5: Treating Cancer Using a Combination of Compound 20 (Shown inthe Figures as Compound A) and an AKT Inhibitor

The following is an example showing that MetAP2 inhibitors, specificallyCompound 20 (herein referred to as Compound A) can be used incombination with AKT inhibitors, specifically AZD5363/capavasertib totreat cancer. In this example, male C57BI/6 mice, age 8-10 weeks, wereused. The mice (n=8/treatment group) were administered doses of eithervehicle control (5% mannitol), Compound A alone, Compound A incombination with AZD5363 or AZD5363 alone, as indicated in Table 3. Thedosing route and schedule for Compound A was subcutaneous injection (SC)and Q4D (once every four days) respectively, with a dose of 8 mg/kg. Thedosing route and schedule for AZD5363 was oral (per os, PO) and QD (oncedaily) respectively, with a dose of 200 mg/kg. The vehicle control wasadministered once daily (QD) orally (PO). Blood glucose was monitoredusing 10 ul of blood taken from the tail of the mice and a glucometer,starting prior to the AZD5363 administration (time 0) and then again atvarious times points (15, 30, 60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes) after theadministration of AZD5363. As shown in FIG. 26 , a single dose ofAZD5363 (200 mg/kg, P.O.) to normal adult male C57Bl/6 mice rapidlyincreased blood glucose significantly compared to vehicle, whilepre-treatment of mice with SDX-7320 (8 mg/kg, S.C., Q4D, 4 doses total)significantly attenuated the rise in glucose elicited by AZD5363.

TABLE 3 N Dose Pre-Dose Number (mice/group) (mg/kg) Route Time (h, d) ofdoses Vehicle 8 — PO Compound A 8 8 (Q4D) SC −14 d 3 Compound A + 8  8(Q4D)/ SC/PO −14 d 3/1 AZD5363 200 (QD) AZD5363 8 200 (QD) PO 0 1 Total= 32

Without wishing to be bound by theory, inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTORpathway can disrupt insulin signaling and which can confer therapeuticbenefit by inhibiting growth of certain tumors, especially those withactivating mutations in this pathway. However due to concurrent effectson normal physiologic control of systemic glucose homeostasis, suchinhibitors can also cause hyperglycemia and subsequent hyperinsulinemia.The side effect of hyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia has been observed bothin preclinical models as well as in patients participating in clinicaltrials of novel PI3K/Akt/mTOR inhibitors. Attenuating the inducedhyperglycemia/hyperinsulinemia may provide a benefit in terms of greaterreductions in tumor growth and increased survival compared to the PI3Kinhibitor alone Thus, this example demonstrate that the conjugates andcompounds of the present disclosure, including Compound A, attenuate thehyperglycemia induced by Akt inhibitors such as AZD5363. Attenuation ofsuch a side effect by Compound A can provide a benefit in terms ofenhanced anti-tumor activity when dosed in combination with AZD5363,making the combination of the conjugates/compounds of the presentdisclosure and Akt inhibitors a powerful method of treating cancer in asubject.

Example 6—Treating Cancer Using a Combination of a MetAP2 Inhibitor anda PI3K Inhibitor

The following is an example showing that MetAP2 inhibitors, specificallyZGN-1061 can be used in combination with PI3K inhibitors, specificallyBYL-719, to treat cancer and to attenuate treatment-induced metabolicdysfunction. In this example, male C57BI/6 mice, age 10-12 weeks, wereused. The mice (n=8/treatment group) were administered doses of eithervehicle control (10 mM phosphate in 5% mannitol, pH 7.2), ZGN-1061alone, ZGN-1061 in combination with BYL-719 or BYL-719 alone, asindicated in Table 4. The dosing route and schedules for eachcompound/combination of compounds are shown in Table 4. In Table 4, thetime of dose indicates the time relative to the administration ofBYL-719. Blood glucose was monitored using 10 ul of blood taken from thetail of the mice and a glucometer, starting prior to the BYL-719administration (time 0) and then again at various times points (15, 30,60, 90, 120 and 180 minutes) after the administration of BYL-719.

TABLE 4 Time of Dose (hours, Number N Dose relative of (mice/group)(mg/kg) Route to BYL-719) Doses Vehicle 8 — PO 0 ZGN-1061 8 0.5 SC −24 h1 ZGN-1061 8 0.5 (QD) SC −72 h 3 (QD)  ZGN-1061 + 8 0.5/45 SC/PO −4 h/01/1 BYL-719 ZGN-1061 + 8 0.5/45 SC/PO −24 h/0 1/1 BYL-719 ZGN-1061 + 80.5/45 SC/PO −72 h/0  3 (QD)/1 BYL-719 BYL-719 8 45 PO 0 1 Total = 56As shown in FIG. 27 , a of BYL-719 elicited robust hyperglycemia.However, as shown in of FIG. 28 , pre-treatment of mice with the MetAP2inhibitor (ZGN-1061) for various times prior to dosing with BYL-719attenuated hyperglycemia induced by BYL-719. These results indicatedthat MetAP2 inhibitors, such as ZGN-1061, can attenuate PI3Kinhibitor-induced hyperglycemic, indicating that a combination of MetAP2inhibitors and PI3K inhibitors are useful in treating cancer patients,particularly cancer patients with treatment-induced hyperglycemia.

What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating, or ameliorating at leastone symptom of, cancer in a subject in need thereof comprisingadministering a therapeutically effective amount of at least onecompound of the Formula

wherein, x is in the range of 1 to about 450; y is in the range of 1 toabout 30; n is in the range of 1 to about 100; or a pharmaceuticallyacceptable salt thereof, in combination with a therapeutically effectiveamount of capivasertib (AZD5363).
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein thesubject is pre-treated by administering at least one therapeuticallyeffective amount of the at least one compound prior to theadministration of capivasertib (AZD5363), wherein administration of theat least one compound attenuates capivasertib-induced hyperglycemia. 3.The method of claim 2, wherein the subject is pre-treated byadministering at least one therapeutically effective amount of the atleast one compound 1 hour to 8 weeks prior to the administration ofcapivasertib (AZD5363).
 4. The method of claim 2, wherein the subject ispre-treated by administering at least one therapeutically effectiveamount of the at least one compound at least 14 days prior to theadministration of capivasertib (AZD5363), wherein administration of theat least one compound attenuates capivasertib-induced hyperglycemia. 5.The method of claim 1, wherein the ratio of x to y is in the range ofabout 30:1 to about 3:1.
 6. The method of claim 5, wherein the ratio ofx to y is about 11:1.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein the at least onecompound is administered in an amount from about 0.0001 mg/kg to about 5mg/kg of body weight per day.
 8. The method of claim 1, wherein the atleast one compound is administered in an amount from about 0.001 toabout 0.1 mg/kg of body weight per day.
 9. The method of claim 1,wherein that at least one compound and the capivasertib (AZD5363) areadministered sequentially or in a substantially simultaneous manner. 10.The method of claim 1, wherein that at least one compound isadministered on a q4d dosing schedule.
 11. The method of claim 1,wherein that at least one compound is administered on a q7d dosingschedule.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein that at least one compoundis administered once every two weeks.
 13. The method of claim 1, whereinthat at least one compound is administered about 1 to 4 times per month.14. The method of claim 1, wherein said subject is treated for at leastabout six months, for at least about one year, at least about two years,or at least about three years.
 15. The method of claim 1, wherein the atleast one compound is administered parenterally or subcutaneously. 16.The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer is post-menopausal HR+/Her2−breast cancer, castration resistant prostate cancer, esophagealcarcinoma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, cervical cancer, endometrialcancer, ovarian cancer, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, gall bladder cancer,liver cancer, clear-cell renal cancer, melanoma, multiple myeloma, orcombinations thereof.
 17. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer isbreast cancer.
 18. The method of claim 1, wherein the cancer isHR+/Her2− breast cancer.
 19. The method of claim 1, wherein the canceris post-menopausal HR+/Her2− breast cancer.
 20. The method of claim 1,wherein the cancer is HER2+ breast cancer.
 21. The method of claim 1,wherein the cancer is triple negative breast cancer.